A method of producing a powder mass for a lithium battery, the method comprising: (a) providing a solution containing a sulfonated elastomer dissolved in a solvent or a precursor in a liquid form or dissolved in a solvent; (b) dispersing a plurality of particles of a cathode active material in the solution to form a slurry; and (c) dispensing the slurry and removing the solvent and/or polymerizing/curing the precursor to form the powder mass, wherein the powder mass comprises multiple particulates and at least a particulate comprises one or a plurality of particles of a cathode active material being encapsulated by a thin layer of sulfonated elastomer having a thickness from 1 nm to 10 μm, a fully recoverable tensile strain from 2% to 800%, and a lithium ion conductivity from 10.sup.−7 S/cm to 5×10.sup.−2 S/cm at room temperature.

A class of cathode materials and secondary ion batteries containing these materials are provided. These cathode materials at least include a cathode active substance comprising a first active substance and a carrier. The first active substance is selected from alkali metal halide or alkali metal sulfite, alkaline earth metal halide or alkaline earth metal sulfite, aluminum halide, zinc halide and zinc sulfite. The carrier has a low-dimensional structure and is selected from a template and/or a second active substance. The first active substance of the cathode material has a relatively low molecular weight and a relatively high redox potential, and thus the secondary ion batteries have a relatively high specific capacity and voltage.

The present application relates to a positive electrode material for a sodium-ion battery and a preparation method thereof, and a sodium-ion battery, a battery module, a battery pack and an apparatus manufactured from the active material, the positive electrode material for the sodium-ion battery comprises a composite of sodium halophosphate with carbon having the following molecular formula: Na.sub.2M1.sub.hM2.sub.k(PO.sub.4)X/C, in which M1 and M2 are transition metal ions each independently selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Y, Nb, Mo, Sn, Ba and W; h is from 0 to 1, k is from 0 to 1, and h+k=1; X is halogen ion selected from F, Cl and Br, wherein the positive electrode material has a powder resistivity in the range of from 10 Ω.Math.cm to 5,000 Ω.Math.cm under a pressure of 12 MPa.

A fluoride composition configured for fluoride ion intercalation is disclosed, the fluoride composition comprising one of: a) a defect fluoride pyrochlore composition of the general formula AM.sup.IIM.sup.IIIF.sub.6; or b) a fluoride weberite-type composition of the general formula A.sub.1-2MM′ F.sub.6-7, wherein the oxidation state of M and M′ are such that the composition is charge balanced. An F-ion energy storage cell is disclosed comprising: a first electrode configured for fluoride ion intercalation, wherein the first electrode comprises one of: a defect fluoride pyrochlore composition, or a fluoride weberite-type composition; a second electrode; an electrolyte; and a separator. And a method of manufacturing an F-ion energy storage cell is disclosed comprising forming an F-ion composition configured for fluoride ion intercalation; forming a first electrode from the F-ion composition; and forming a cell having the first electrode, a second electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte.

A solid-state ion conductor includes a compound of Formula (I):
Li.sub.4+xB.sub.7O.sub.12+0.5xX.sup.1.sub.aX.sup.2.sub.1−a   Formula (I)
wherein, in Formula (I), 0≤x≤1; X.sup.1 is a pseudohalogen; X.sup.2 is a halogen; and 0<a≤1.

Disclosed is a process for coating onto a substrate, including preparing a precursor having a general formula Q.sub.m/nMO.sub.xF.sub.y by a reaction M(OH).sub.x+yHF+m/nQ(OH).sub.n.fwdarw.Q.sup.n+.sub.m/n(MO.sub.xF.sub.y).sup.m−, wherein Q is an onium ion, selected from quaternary alkyl ammonium, quaternary alkyl phosphonium and trialkylsulfonium; M is a metal capable of forming an oxofluorometallate, where M may further comprise one or more additional metal, metalloid, and one or more of phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and selenium (Se), iodine (I), and arsenic (As) or a combination thereof, and x>0, y>0, m≥1, n≥1; combining the precursor with a lithium ion source and with the substrate, and mixing to form a coating composition comprising a lithium oxofluorometallate having a general formula Li.sub.mMO.sub.xF.sub.y on the substrate. Further disclosed is a core-shell electrode active material including a core capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium coated with the lithium oxofluorometallate having the general formula Li.sub.mMO.sub.xF.sub.y.

A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery which has a large capacity and a good charge-and-discharge cycle performance is provided. The positive electrode active material includes lithium, cobalt, oxygen, and magnesium, and has a compound represented by a layered rock-salt crystal structure. A space group of the compound is represented by R-3m. The compound is a composite oxide in which magnesium is substituted for a lithium position and a cobalt position. The compound is a particle. The magnesium substituted for a lithium position and a cobalt position exists more in the region from the surface to 5 nm than in the region deeper than 10 nm from the surface. More magnesium is substituted for a lithium position than for a cobalt position.

The present disclosure relates to a method of making an electrochemically active material, which comprises metal nanostructures encapsulated in LaF.sub.3 shells. The electrochemically active material may be included in an electrode of an F-shuttle battery that includes a liquid electrolyte, which, optionally, allows the F-shuttle batteries to operate at room temperature.

A primary electrochemical cell including a cell housing, an anode including metallic lithium, a liquid SOCl.sub.2 cathode and a separator separating the anode from the cathode. The liquid SOCl.sub.2 cathode material includes a salt of a Lewis base with a Lewis acid dissolved in the SOCl.sub.2 to form an electrolyte solution and an amount of SnCl.sub.2 dissolved in the electrolyte solution. The cell has a higher TMV and lower cell impedance after extended periods of cell storage at room or higher temperatures as compared to similar prior art primary Li/SOCl.sub.2 cells that do not include the SnCl.sub.2 additive.

A metal halide battery includes an intercalation anode, a cathode that includes a metal halide incorporated into an electrically conductive material, an oxidizing gas, and an electrolyte in contact with the intercalation anode, the cathode, and the oxidizing gas. The battery has a cycle life reaching 1000 cycles at a current density that enables the battery to charge within 10-15 minutes. Electrolytes that may be used in the metal halide batteries include (i) carbonate ester-based compounds with at least one ethyl group and an ion-conducting salt and/or (ii) at least one cyclic ester compound.