A lithium battery comprises cathode active material comprising particles of a transition metal oxide, each particle coated in an ion-conducting material that has an electrochemical stability window against lithium of at least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 V and a highest electrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V, the ion-conducting material selected from the group consisting of: Cs.sub.2LiC1.sub.3; Cs.sub.2LiCrF.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiDyCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiErCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiGdCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiLuCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiNdCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiPrCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiScCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiSmCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiTbCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiTmCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.2LiYCl.sub.6; Cs.sub.3Li.sub.2Cl.sub.5; Cs.sub.3LiCl.sub.4; CsLi.sub.2Cl.sub.3; CsLi.sub.3Cl.sub.4; CsLiBeF.sub.4; CsLiCl.sub.2; K.sub.10LiZr.sub.6H.sub.4O.sub.2F.sub.35; K.sub.2LiCeCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiDyCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiGdCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiLaCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiPrCl.sub.6; K.sub.2LiTbCl.sub.6; KLiDyF.sub.5; KLiErF.sub.5; KLiGdF.sub.5; KLiHoF.sub.5; KLiLuF.sub.5; KLiPH.sub.2O.sub.4F; KLiTbF.sub.5; KLiTmF.sub.5; KLiYF.sub.5; Li.sub.10Mg.sub.7Cl.sub.24; Li.sub.2B.sub.3O.sub.4F.sub.3; Li.sub.2B.sub.6O.sub.9F.sub.2; Li.sub.2BeCl.sub.4; Li.sub.2BF.sub.5; Li.sub.2CaHfF.sub.8; Li.sub.2MgCl.sub.4; Li.sub.2SiF.sub.6; Li.sub.2Ta.sub.2(OF.sub.2).sub.3; Li.sub.2ZnCl.sub.4; Li.sub.2ZrF.sub.6; Li.sub.3AlF.sub.6; Li.sub.3ErCl.sub.6; Li.sub.3ScCl.sub.6; Li.sub.3ScF.sub.6; Li.sub.3ThF.sub.7; Li.sub.3YF.sub.6; Li.sub.4Be.sub.3P.sub.3BrO.sub.12; Li.sub.4Be.sub.3P.sub.3ClO.sub.12; Li.sub.4ZrF.sub.8; Li.sub.6ZrBeF.sub.12; Li.sub.9Mg.sub.3P.sub.4O.sub.16F.sub.3; LiAlCl.sub.4; LiB.sub.6O.sub.9F; LiBF.sub.4; LiGdCl.sub.4; LiLuF.sub.4; LiScF.sub.4; LiTaF.sub.6; LiThF.sub.5; LiYF.sub.4; LiZr.sub.5T.sub.1F.sub.22; Na.sub.3Li.sub.3Al.sub.2F.sub.12; NaLi.sub.2AlF.sub.6; NaLiBeF.sub.4; NaLiMgPO.sub.4F; Rb.sub.2LiCeCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiDyCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiErCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiGdCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiLaCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiLuCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiPrCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiScCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiTbCl.sub.6; Rb.sub.2LiYCl.sub.6; RbLi.sub.2Be.sub.2F.sub.7; RbLiCl.sub.2; and RbLiF.sub.2.

Fluoride ion and fluoride shuttle batteries comprising specialized, coated electrodes are disclosed herein. Atomic layer deposition and molecular layer deposition methods for preparing coated electrodes for fluoride batteries are disclosed, along with suitable liquid electrolytes, enabling high energy density fluoride ion batteries.

A lithium battery has a composite cathode comprising cathode active material including a transition metal oxide and an ion-conducting material having an electrochemical stability window against lithium of at least 2.2 V, a lowest electrochemical stability being less than 2.0 V and a highest electrochemical stability being greater than 4.2 V, the ion-conducting material selected from one or more of: Cs.sub.2LiCl.sub.3; Cs.sub.3Li.sub.2Cl.sub.5; Cs.sub.3LiCl.sub.4; CsLiCl.sub.2; Li.sub.2B.sub.3O.sub.4F.sub.3; Li.sub.3AlF.sub.6; Li.sub.3ScCl.sub.6; Li.sub.3ScF.sub.6; Li.sub.3YF.sub.6; Li.sub.9Mg.sub.3P.sub.4O.sub.16F.sub.3; LiBF.sub.4; LiThF.sub.5; Na.sub.3Li.sub.3Al.sub.2F.sub.12; and NaLi.sub.2AlF.sub.6.

A rechargeable transition metal battery includes a negative electrode, a positive electrode and an electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a negative electrode material which is a transition metal or an alloy of the transition metal. The positive electrode is electrically connected to the negative electrode and includes a host material and a positive electrode material. The host material includes a carbon. The positive electrode material is connected to the host material, and the positive electrode material is a compound of a metal, an elemental chalcogen or an elemental halogen. The electrolyte is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to lithium metal oxyfluorides. In one aspect, a method for manufacturing a lithium metal oxyfluoride having a general formula Li.sub.1+x(MM′).sub.zO.sub.2-yF.sub.y, with 0.6≤z≤0.95, 0<y≤0.67, and 0.05≤x≤0.4, the lithium metal oxyfluoride having a cation-disordered rocksalt structure, includes: providing at least one lithium-based precursor; providing at least one redox-active transition metal-based precursor; providing at least one redox-inactive transition metal-based precursor; providing at least one fluorine-based precursor comprising a fluoropolymer; and mixing the at least one lithium-based precursor, the at least one redox-active transition metal-based precursor, the at least redox-inactive transition metal-based precursor, and the at least one fluorine-based precursor comprising a fluoropolymer to form a mixture.

A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a new active material that can be used in a fluoride ion battery. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing an active material to be used in a fluoride ion battery, the active material comprising: a crystal phase including an infinite layer structure, and represented by A.sub.pB.sub.qO.sub.r, provided that A is at least one of an alkali earth metal element and a rare earth element, B is a transition metal element, p satisfies 0.8≤p≤1, q satisfies 0.8≤q≤1, and r satisfies 1.5≤r≤2.5.

A fluoride ion secondary battery, comprising: a positive electrode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a negative electrode layer, wherein the positive electrode layer comprises a positive electrode active material; the positive electrode active material comprises a composite fluoride comprising copper and a fluoride; the solid electrolyte comprises BaCaF.sub.4; the negative electrode layer comprises a negative electrode active material, a conductive aid, and a solid electrolyte; the negative electrode active material comprises a lanthanoid fluoride doped with the alkaline earth metal fluoride; the conductive aid comprises a carbon material, the solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode layer comprises at least one of BaCaF.sub.4 and SrCaF.sub.4; and the lanthanoid fluoride doped with the alkaline earth metal fluoride forms a composite with the carbon material.

Provided is a negative electrode active material including AlF.sub.3, Li.sub.3AlF.sub.6, and Li.sub.2ZrF.sub.6. Furthermore, a negative electrode layer including the negative electrode active material is provided. Additionally, a fluoride ion secondary battery, including the negative electrode layer, an electrolyte, and a positive electrode layer is provided.

There is provided an anode layer including an anode active material, a conductive aid, and a solid electrolyte, the anode active material including a lant.hano.id fluoride doped with an alkaline earth metal fluoride, the conductive aid including a carbon material, the solid electrolyte including at least one of BaCaF.sub.4 and SrCaF.sub.4, and the lanthanpid fluoride doped with the alkaline earth metal fluoride and the carbon material forming a complex. There is also provided a fluoride ion secondary battery including the anode layer, an electrolyte, and a cathode layer.

A solid-state ion conductor includes a compound of Formula (I):

Li.sub.4+xB.sub.7O.sub.12+0.5xX.sup.1.sub.aX.sup.2.sub.1−a   Formula (I)

wherein, in Formula (I), 0≤x≤1; X.sup.1 is a pseudohalogen; X.sup.2 is a halogen; and 0<a≤1.