A positive electrode active substance for a secondary cell, where the positive electrode active substance is capable of suppressing adsorption of water effectively in order to obtain a high-performance lithium ion secondary cell or sodium ion secondary cell. The positive electrode active substance contains 0.3 to 5 mass % of graphite, 0.1 to 4 mass % of carbon obtained by carbonizing a water-soluble carbon material, or 0.1 to 5 mass % of a metal fluoride is supported on a composite containing a compound which contains at least iron or manganese, where the compound is represented by formula (A) LiFe.sub.aMn.sub.bM.sub.cPO.sub.4, formula (B) Li.sub.2Fe.sub.dMn.sub.eN.sub.fSiO.sub.4, or formula (C) NaFe.sub.gMn.sub.hQ.sub.iPO.sub.4, and carbon obtained by carbonizing a cellulose nanofiber.

The positive electrode active substance for a lithium secondary battery includes a mixture of a lithium cobalt composite oxide particle and an inorganic fluoride particle. The method for producing a positive electrode active substance for a lithium secondary battery includes a first step of subjecting a lithium cobalt composite oxide particle and an inorganic fluoride particle to a mixing treatment to thereby obtain a mixture of the lithium cobalt composite oxide particle and the inorganic fluoride particle. The lithium secondary battery uses, as a positive electrode active substance, the positive electrode active substance for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention.

Solid-state lithium ion electrolytes of lithium fluoride based composites are provided which contain an anionic framework capable of conducting lithium ions. Composites of specific formulae are provided and methods to alter the composite materials with inclusion of aliovalent ions shown. Lithium batteries containing the composite lithium ion electrolytes are provided. Electrodes containing the lithium fluoride based composites are also provided.

A positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes LiX, where X represents a halogen atom.

A nanocomposite is provided. The nanocomposite includes an electrically conductive nanostructured material; and metal fluoride nanostructures having the general formula M.sup.(I).sub.xM.sup.(II).sub.1−xF.sub.2+y−zn arranged on the electrically conductive nanostructured material, wherein M.sup.(I) and M.sup.(II) are independently transition metals, n is a stoichiometric coefficient, and wherein i) x=0, 0<y≦2, and z=0; or ii) 0<x<1, 0≦y≦2, z≧0, and M.sup.(I) and M.sup.(II) are different transition metals. An electrode including the nanocomposite and method of preparing the nanocomposite are also provided.

An objective of the present invention is to provide an electrolyte solution effective for reducing the amount of gas generated in a charge-discharge cycle of a lithium-ion secondary battery, preferably a lithium-ion secondary battery using a 5 V-class positive electrode. The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte solution comprising at least one type of aniline derivative represented by a predetermined formula, and a non-aqueous solvent, and to a lithium-ion secondary battery using the same.

One embodiment of the present invention provides a secondary battery that can be used in a wide temperature range and is less likely to be affected by the ambient temperature. A highly safe secondary battery is provided. Use of a positive electrode including a fluorine-containing electrolyte enables a secondary battery that can work in a wide temperature range, specifically, in the range of higher than or equal to −40° C. and lower than or equal to 85° C., preferably higher than or equal to −40° C. and lower than or equal to 150° C. An incombustible high molecular material or a nonflammable high molecular material is used for a binder. Furthermore, a solid electrolyte material may be included in the positive electrode to increase non-flammability.

An electrolyte composition and a metal-ion battery employing the same are provided. The electrolyte composition includes a metal chloride, a chlorine-containing ionic liquid, and an additive, wherein the additive has a structure represented by Formula (I)

[M].sub.i[(A(SO.sub.2C.sub.xF.sub.2x+1).sub.y).sup.b−].sub.j  Formula (I) , wherein M can be imidazolium cation, ammonium cation, azaannulenium cation, . . . etc., wherein M has a valence of a; a can be 1, 2, or 3; A can be N, O, Si, or C; x can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; y can be 1, 2, or 3; b can be 1, 2, or 3; i can be 1, 2, or 3; j can be 1, 2, or 3; a/b=j/i; and when y is 2 or 3, the (SO.sub.2C.sub.xF.sub.2x+1) moieties are the same or different.

An object of the present disclosure is to provide a secondary battery system that functions at high voltage. The present disclosure attains the object by providing a secondary battery system comprising: a fluoride ion battery including a cathode active material layer, an anode active material layer, and an electrolyte layer formed between the cathode active material layer and the anode active material layer; and a controlling portion that controls charging and discharging of the fluoride ion battery; wherein the cathode active material layer contains a cathode active material with a crystal phase that has a Perovskite layered structure and is represented by A.sub.n+1B.sub.nO.sub.3n+1-αF.sub.x (A comprises at least one of an alkali earth metal element and a rare earth element; B comprises at least one of Mn, Co, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, V, Ni, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Pd, W, Re, Bi, and Sb; “n” is 1 or 2; “α” satisfies 0≦α≦3.5; and “x” satisfies 0≦x≦5.5); and the controlling portion controls charging so that a value of F/B in the cathode active material becomes more than 2/n that is in an over-charged state.

A thermal battery can include: an anode of lithium alloy; a metal-fluoride cathode having Ni; and an electrolyte composition in contact with the anode and cathode. A thermal battery can also include: an anode of lithium alloy; a metal-fluoride cathode having an oxide selected from V.sub.2O.sub.5 or LiVO.sub.3; and an electrolyte composition in contact with the anode and cathode. In one aspect, a metal of the metal fluoride cathode includes Ni, Fe, V, Cr, Mn, Co, or mixture thereof. In one aspect, the metal-fluoride cathode includes NiF.sub.2, FeF.sub.3, VF.sub.3, CrF.sub.3, MnF.sub.3, CoF.sub.3, or a mixture thereof. A method of providing electricity can include: providing an electronic device having a thermal battery with a metal-fluoride cathode having Ni and/or having an oxide selected from V.sub.2O.sub.5 or LiVO.sub.3; and discharging the thermal battery to provide electricity.