The present invention provides an energy storage device comprising a cathode region or other element. The device has a major active region comprising a plurality of first active regions spatially disposed within the cathode region. The major active region expands or contracts from a first volume to a second volume during a period of a charge and discharge. The device has a catholyte material spatially confined within a spatial region of the cathode region and spatially disposed within spatial regions not occupied by the first active regions. In an example, the catholyte material comprises a lithium, germanium, phosphorous, and sulfur (“LGPS”) containing material configured in a polycrystalline state. The device has an oxygen species configured within the LGPS containing material, the oxygen species having a ratio to the sulfur species of 1:2 and less to form a LGPSO material. The device has a protective material formed overlying exposed regions of the cathode material to substantially maintain the sulfur species within the catholyte material. Also included is a novel dopant configuration of the Li.sub.aMP.sub.bS.sub.c (LMPS) [M=Si, Ge, and/or Sn] containing material.

A process for treating an electrochemical cell is presented. The process includes charging the electrochemical cell in a discharged state to at least 20 percent state-of-charge of an accessible capacity of the electrochemical cell at a first temperature to attain the electrochemical cell in a partial state-of-charge or a full state-of-charge and holding the electrochemical cell in the corresponding partial state-of-charge or full state-of-charge at a second temperature. The first temperature and the second temperature are higher than an operating temperature of the electrochemical cell.

Disclosed is a process for coating onto a substrate, including preparing a precursor having a general formula Q.sub.m/nMO.sub.xF.sub.y by a reaction M(OH).sub.x+yHF+m/nQ(OH).sub.n.fwdarw.Q.sup.n+.sub.m/n(MO.sub.xF.sub.y).sup.m−, wherein Q is an onium ion, selected from quaternary alkyl ammonium, quaternary alkyl phosphonium and trialkylsulfonium; M is a metal capable of forming an oxofluorometallate, where M may further comprise one or more additional metal, metalloid, and one or more of phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and selenium (Se), iodine (I), and arsenic (As) or a combination thereof, and x>0, y>0, m≥1, n≥1; combining the precursor with a lithium ion source and with the substrate, and mixing to form a coating composition comprising a lithium oxofluorometallate having a general formula Li.sub.mMO.sub.xF.sub.y on the substrate. Further disclosed is a core-shell electrode active material including a core capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium coated with the lithium oxofluorometallate having the general formula Li.sub.mMO.sub.xF.sub.y.

A method for producing a silver-silver chloride electrode includes: producing a paste by mixing silver powder, silver chloride powder, a dispersant, and fumed silica powder with a liquid silicone rubber binder; coating the paste on a substrate made of silicone rubber; curing the paste on the substrate to form an electrode containing silver and silver chloride; and immersing the electrode in a sodium chloride aqueous solution.

Provided is a sodium secondary battery that has visible light transparency and is excellent in flexibility. A sodium secondary battery includes: a positive electrode film that contains a material formed on a flexible transparent film substrate, the material being capable of intercalating and deintercalating sodium ions; a transparent electrolyte having sodium ion conductivity; and a negative electrode film that if formed of a material formed on a flexible transparent film substrate, the material being capable of dissolving and depositing sodium or intercalating and deintercalating sodium ions. When the positive electrode film contains a sodium source, the negative electrode film is made to have a thickness of 30 nm to 200 nm by using, as a negative electrode material, any of tin oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, molybdenum oxide, metal phosphide, metal sulfide, metal nitride, metal fluoride, or metal titanium composite oxide.

A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a novel cathode active material that can be used in a fluoride ion battery. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing a cathode active material used in a fluoride ion battery, the cathode active material comprising: a composition represented by Pb.sub.2MF.sub.6, in which M is at least one of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni.

This application relates to a negative electrode plate, a secondary battery and apparatus thereof. The secondary battery of the present application comprises a negative electrode plate, the negative electrode plate comprises a composite current collector and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the composite current collector, the negative electrode active material layer comprises a silicon-based active material, the silicon-based active material accounts for 0.5 wt % to 50 wt % of total mass of the negative electrode active material layer, and the composite current collector comprises a polymer support layer and a metal conductive layer disposed on at least one surface of the polymer support layer, and the composite current collector has a brittleness parameter C ranging from 0.03 to 0.5. The secondary battery and the negative electrode plate achieve good coordination between the current collector and the negative electrode active material layer.

A crystalline precursor compound for manufacturing a lithium transition metal based oxide powder usable as an active positive electrode material in lithium-ion batteries, the precursor having a general formula Li.sub.1−a((Ni.sub.z(Ni.sub.0.5Mn.sub.0.5).sub.yCo.sub.x).sub.1−kA.sub.k).sub.1+aO.sub.2, wherein A comprises at least one element of the group consisting of: Mg, Al, Ca, Si, B, W, Zr, Ti, Nb, Ba, and Sr, with 0.05≤x≤0.40, 0.25≤z≤0.85, x+y+z=1, 0≤k≤0.10, and 0≤a≤0.053, wherein said crystalline precursor powder has a crystalline size L, expressed in nm, with 15≤L≤36.

A battery includes a cathode with a metal halide and an electrically conductive material, wherein the metal halide acts as an active cathode material; a porous silicon anode with a surface having pores with a depth of about 0.5 microns to about 500 microns, and a metal on the surface and in at least some of the pores thereof; and an electrolyte contacting the anode and the cathode, wherein the electrolyte includes a nitrile moiety.

Compounds, powders, and cathode active materials that can be used in lithium ion batteries are described herein. Methods of making such compounds, powders, and cathode active materials are described.