A secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution. The negative electrode includes a carbon material electrochemically capable of absorbing and releasing lithium ions, and a solid electrolyte covering at least part of a surface of the carbon material and having lithium ion conductivity. The solid electrolyte includes a first compound represented by a general formula: Li.sub.xM1O.sub.y, where 0.5<x≤9, 1≤y<6, and the M1 includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Si, P, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Ta, and La. The electrolytic solution includes a solvent and a lithium salt, and the solvent contains at least water.

Disclosed is lithium secondary battery that may include: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; an electrolyte; and a separator positioned between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator may include: a separator substrate; and a fibrous adhesive layer formed on one or both surfaces of the separator substrate.

A monolithic ceramic electrochemical cell housing is provided. The housing includes two or more electrochemical sub cell housings. Each of the electrochemical sub cell housing includes an anode receptive space, a cathode receptive space, a separator between the anode receptive space and the cathode receptive space, and integrated electron conductive circuits. A first integrated electron conductive circuit is configured as an anode current collector within the anode receptive space. A second integrated electron conductive circuit is disposed as a cathode current collector within the cathode receptive space.

Positive plate, electrochemical device including same, and apparatus thereof are disclosed. The positive plate includes a current collector and an electrode active material layer arranged on at least one surface of the current collector, the current collector includes a support layer and a conductive layer arranged on at least one surface of the support layer, a single-sided thickness D2 of the conductive layer satisfies: 30 nm≤D2≤3 μm. A material of the conductive layer is aluminum or aluminum alloy, and a density of the conductive layer is 2.5 g/cm.sup.3-2.8 g/cm.sup.3. The electrode active material layer includes an electrode active material, a binder, and a conductive agent, and the binder has an uneven distribution in a thickness direction of the electrode active material layer.

An anode for an energy storage device includes a current collector having a metal layer; and a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying the metal layer. The anode further includes a patterned lithium storage structure having a continuous porous lithium storage layer selectively overlaying at least a portion of the first pattern of metal oxide. A method of making an anode for use in an energy storage device includes providing a current collector having a metal layer and a metal oxide layer provided in a first pattern overlaying the metal layer. A continuous porous lithium storage layer is selectively formed by chemical vapor deposition by exposing the current collector to at least one lithium storage material precursor gas.

An anode for an energy storage device such as a lithium-ion energy storage device is disclosed. The anode includes a current collector having a metal oxide layer, a first lithium storage layer overlaying the current collector, a first intermediate layer overlaying at least a portion of the first lithium storage layer, and a second lithium storage layer overlaying the first intermediate layer. The first lithium storage layer is a continuous porous lithium storage layer having a total content of silicon, germanium, or a combination thereof, of at least 40 atomic %.

The present invention relates to a betavoltaic battery and a method of manufacturing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a betavoltaic battery characterized in that .sup.14C, a radioisotope, is formed in the form of quantum dots and .sup.14C is used as the cathode and the beta-ray source of the betavoltaic battery and a method of manufacturing the betavoltaic battery.

An iterative approach to dynamic covalent polymerizations of elemental sulfur with functional comonomers to prepare sulfur prepolymers that can further react with other conventional, commercially available comonomers to prepare a wider class of functional sulfur polymers. This iterative method improves handling, miscibility and solubility of the elemental sulfur, and further enables tuning of the sulfur polymer composition. The sulfur polymers may be a thermoplastic or a thermoset for use in elastomers, resins, lubricants, coatings, antioxidants, cathode materials for electrochemical cells, and polymeric articles such as polymeric films and free-standing substrates.

Provided are a positive current collector, a preparation method thereof, a positive electrode sheet, a cell and a battery. The positive current collector. The positive current collector includes a substrate film and a functional layer arranged on a surface of the substrate film. The substrate film has a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The first surface has a first functional layer provided thereon, and the second surface has a second functional layer provided thereon. The first functional layer includes a bonding layer, a current conducting layer, and a protective layer that are stacked sequentially. The bonding layer is arranged on the first surface. The first functional layer is divided to have a first functional segment and a second functional segment in a direction parallel to the first surface. The first functional segment has a thickness greater than a thickness of the second functional segment.

A composite electrolyte includes: a positively charged particle, a particle that is positively charged by having a coordinate bond with a cation, or a combination thereof; and a lithium salt.