An electrical storage device includes high surface area fibers (e.g., shaped fibers and/or microfibers) coated with carbon (graphite, expanded graphite, activated carbon, carbon black, carbon nanofibers, CNT, or graphite coated CNT), electrolyte, and/or electrode active material (e.g., lead oxide) in electrodes. The electrodes are used to form electrical storage devices such as electrochemical batteries, electrochemical double layer capacitors, and asymmetrical capacitors.

A bipolar storage battery includes cell members arranged with spacing in a stacked manner, each of the cell members including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and space-forming members forming a plurality of spaces individually accommodating the plurality of cell members. A value obtained by dividing the distance between a positive active material layer and a negative active material layer placed in a position facing the positive active material layer by the sum of the thickness of the positive active material layer and the thickness of the negative active material layer is 1.1 or more. The bipolar storage battery may suppress local use of active material during charging and discharging to achieve uniform use of active material in a cell.

A bipolar storage battery includes cell members arranged with spacing in a stacked manner, each of the cell members including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and space-forming members forming a plurality of spaces individually accommodating the plurality of cell members. A value obtained by dividing the distance between a positive active material layer and a negative active material layer placed in a position facing the positive active material layer by the sum of the thickness of the positive active material layer and the thickness of the negative active material layer is 1.1 or more. The bipolar storage battery may suppress local use of active material during charging and discharging to achieve uniform use of active material in a cell.

During welding for manufacturing a bipolar storage battery, it is possible to reduce heat accumulation inside an electrical conductor and heat conductivity to a periphery of a through-hole by connecting current collector plates on both surfaces of a substrate. In the battery in which a positive electrode current collector plate and a negative electrode current collector plate of cell members adjacent to each other are electrically connected to each other by an electrical conductor arranged in a through-hole and a plurality of cell members are electrically connected in series, an area of at least one of a connection surface of the electrical conductor with the positive electrode current conductor plate and a connection surface of the electrical conductor with the negative electrode current collector plate is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the electrical conductor parallel to the connection surface in a middle portion in a plate thickness direction.

During welding for manufacturing a bipolar storage battery, it is possible to reduce heat accumulation inside an electrical conductor and heat conductivity to a periphery of a through-hole by connecting current collector plates on both surfaces of a substrate. In the battery in which a positive electrode current collector plate and a negative electrode current collector plate of cell members adjacent to each other are electrically connected to each other by an electrical conductor arranged in a through-hole and a plurality of cell members are electrically connected in series, an area of at least one of a connection surface of the electrical conductor with the positive electrode current conductor plate and a connection surface of the electrical conductor with the negative electrode current collector plate is smaller than a cross-sectional area of the electrical conductor parallel to the connection surface in a middle portion in a plate thickness direction.

A bipolar storage battery includes cell members arranged with spacing in a stacked manner, each of the cell members including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and separators interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, space-forming members including a substrate that forms a plurality of spaces individually accommodating the plurality of cell members, and a frame body surrounding a side surface of the cell member. Each of the plurality of separators has a first surface and a second surface with different surface roughness, and a surface in contact with at least the positive active material layer is a surface having a smaller (finer) surface roughness than the first surface or the second surface. This configuration may suppress local use of active material during charging and discharging to achieve uniform use of active material in a cell.

A positive electrode current collector plate, which is a current collector sheet for a lead-acid storage battery, includes a rolled sheet including a lead alloy in which a content ratio of tin (Sn) is between 1.0 mass % and 1.9 mass %, inclusive, a content ratio of calcium (Ca) is between 0.005 mass % and 0.028 mass %, inclusive, and a balance is lead (Pb) and inevitable impurities. A hole penetrating in a plate surface direction is not formed, and the number of crystal grains having a grain size of 10 m or more present in a range excluding top and bottom 10% in a thickness direction of the rolled sheet in an arbitrary cross section is between 25 and 55, inclusive, per area of 1 mm.sup.2 in the range.

Lead/acid batteries are provided that can include: a plurality of electrodes having a planar copper conductive core member bounded by a polymeric frame maintaining the conductive core member in the planar state.

Lead/acid batteries are provided that can include: a plurality of electrodes having a planar copper conductive core member bounded by a polymeric frame maintaining the conductive core member in the planar state.

The weight and size of a lead-acid battery is reduced and the energy density per mass by forming base members of components of the lead-acid battery is improved by using aluminum or aluminum alloy and forming multiple plating layers on a surface of each base member. In order to prevent formation of pinholes in the multiple plating layers, the surface of the base member 22 is subjected to flattening processing, a solder plating layer with a film thickness of 10 m or more is formed, or many layers of group 4 metals with similar chemical properties are laminated. Moreover, in a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate, an active material layer 24 is formed on the outermost lead plating layer by an electrolytic formation treatment to improve the charging and discharging efficiencies of the lead-acid battery and to greatly reduce fall-off the active material layer 24.