Infiltration of an electrolyte solution into a through hole is prevented or minimized to suppress the occurrence of a liquid junction, so that battery performance is less likely to deteriorate, and the life is prolonged. A cell member includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte layer interposed therebetween. The cell member is stacked and disposed at an interval. A space forming member includes a substrate and a frame body. A through hole penetrates between a positive electrode side and a negative electrode side in the space forming member, and a conductor inserted into the through hole electrically connects them. A liquid junction prevention member is provided in a vicinity of an opening on the positive electrode side, a vicinity of an opening on the negative electrode side, or both.

A shoe for dispensing a molten metal such as lead into a mold cavity of a rotating drum to continuously cast a web of a plurality of serially connected grids or battery composite electrodes of a carbon fiber material with a cast metal conductor. The shoe may have at least one elongate orifice slot in a face confronting the drum, a molten metal supply passage communicating with the orifice slot and an excess molten metal return slot opening into the confronting face downstream of the supply slot relative generally to the direction of rotation of the drum.

Particular embodiments described herein provide for a privacy cover in an electronic device. The battery system can be configured to monitoring one or more condition of a battery using a battery electrolyte controller that is separate from the battery, adjusting one or more properties of an electrolyte in an electrolyte conduit, where the electrolyte conduit is coupled to an inlet and an outlet on the battery, and activating a pump to move the electrolyte with the adjusted one or more properties into the battery.

An example includes a method including forming a battery electrode by disposing an active material coating onto a silicon substrate, assembling the battery electrode into a stack of battery electrodes, the battery electrode separated from other battery electrodes by a separator, disposing the stack in a housing, filling the interior space with electrolyte, and sealing the housing to resist the flow of electrolyte from the interior space.

An example includes a method including forming a battery electrode by disposing an active material coating onto a silicon substrate, assembling the battery electrode into a stack of battery electrodes, the battery electrode separated from other battery electrodes by a separator, disposing the stack in a housing, filling the interior space with electrolyte, and sealing the housing to resist the flow of electrolyte from the interior space.

A fiber-containing mats for a lead acid batteries are described. The mats contain a plurality of polymer fibers having at least one additive incorporated into at least a portion of the polymer fibers. The one or more additives suppress hydrogen evolution in the lead acid battery, and have a standard boiling point of 160 C. or more. Also described are lead acid batteries that include an electrode having an electrode active material held in a fiber-containing gauntlet made from a mat or fabric of polymer fibers having at least one additive for improving battery performance incorporated into the polymer fibers.

A fiber-containing mats for a lead acid batteries are described. The mats contain a plurality of polymer fibers having at least one additive incorporated into at least a portion of the polymer fibers. The one or more additives suppress hydrogen evolution in the lead acid battery, and have a standard boiling point of 160 C. or more. Also described are lead acid batteries that include an electrode having an electrode active material held in a fiber-containing gauntlet made from a mat or fabric of polymer fibers having at least one additive for improving battery performance incorporated into the polymer fibers.

This invention is a method for making a bipolar plate by selecting at least one resin from the group consisting of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyphenylsulfone, a polymer resistant to sulfuric acid, and combinations of any thereof. The method may include adding conductive fibers in an amount of from about 20% to about 50% by volume, to the bipolar plate.

This invention is a method for making a bipolar plate by selecting at least one resin from the group consisting of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyphenylsulfone, a polymer resistant to sulfuric acid, and combinations of any thereof. The method may include adding conductive fibers in an amount of from about 20% to about 50% by volume, to the bipolar plate.

According to one embodiment, a nonwoven fiber mat includes between 10% and 50% by weight of a plurality of first glass fibers having an average diameter of less than 5 m and between 50% and 90% by weight of a plurality of second glass fibers having an average diameter of greater than 6 m. The nonwoven fiber mat also includes an acid resistant binder that binds the first and second glass fibers together. The nonwoven fiber mat has an average pore size of between 1 and 100 m and exhibits an air permeability of below 100 cubic feet per minute per square foot (cfm/ft.sup.2) as measured by the Frazier test at 125 Pa according to ASTM Standard Method D737.