A negative electrode current collector includes a first metal layer, a second metal layer, and a prelithiation layer disposed between the first metal layer and the second metal layer. At least one of the first metal layer or the second metal layer has a porous structure.

An alkaline electrochemical cell has a central cathode having a corresponding cathode current collector electrically connected with a positive terminal of the electrochemical cell. The cathode current collector has a tubular shape, such as a cylindrical shape or rectangular shape, extending parallel with the length of the central cathode. The cathode current collector is embedded within the central cathode, such as at a medial point of a radius of the central cathode, thereby minimizing the distance between the cathode current collector and any portion of the central cathode, thereby increasing the mechanical strength of the cathode and facilitating charge transfer to the cathode current collector.

An alkaline electrochemical cell has a central cathode having a corresponding cathode current collector electrically connected with a positive terminal of the electrochemical cell. The cathode current collector has a tubular shape, such as a cylindrical shape or rectangular shape, extending parallel with the length of the central cathode. The cathode current collector is embedded within the central cathode, such as at a medial point of a radius of the central cathode, thereby minimizing the distance between the cathode current collector and any portion of the central cathode, thereby increasing the mechanical strength of the cathode and facilitating charge transfer to the cathode current collector.

Energy storage devices, battery cells, and rechargeable batteries of the present technology may include an anode and a cathode. The battery cells may include a separator positioned between the anode and the cathode. The battery cells may include an electrolyte incorporated with the anode and the cathode. The battery cells may also include a pseudo-reference electrode at least partially in contact with the electrolyte. The pseudo-reference electrode may be positioned between layers of the separator.

Energy storage devices, battery cells, and rechargeable batteries of the present technology may include an anode and a cathode. The battery cells may include a separator positioned between the anode and the cathode. The battery cells may include an electrolyte incorporated with the anode and the cathode. The battery cells may also include a pseudo-reference electrode at least partially in contact with the electrolyte. The pseudo-reference electrode may be positioned between layers of the separator.

A lithium ion cell includes a ribbon-shaped electrode-separator assembly comprising an anode, a separator. The electrode-separator assembly is formed as a winding. The anode comprises, as an anode current collector, a ribbon-shaped metal foil having a first longitudinal edge. The anode current collector has a strip-shaped main region loaded with a layer of negative electrode material and a free edge strip extending along the first longitudinal edge that is not loaded with the negative electrode material. The cathode comprises, as a cathode current collector, a ribbon-shaped metal foil having a first longitudinal edge. The cathode current collector has a strip-shaped main region loaded with a layer of positive electrode material and a free edge strip extending along the first longitudinal edge that is not loaded with the positive electrode material. The strip-shaped main region of the anode current collector or the cathode current collector has a plurality of apertures.

A lithium ion cell includes a ribbon-shaped electrode-separator assembly comprising an anode, a separator. The electrode-separator assembly is formed as a winding. The anode comprises, as an anode current collector, a ribbon-shaped metal foil having a first longitudinal edge. The anode current collector has a strip-shaped main region loaded with a layer of negative electrode material and a free edge strip extending along the first longitudinal edge that is not loaded with the negative electrode material. The cathode comprises, as a cathode current collector, a ribbon-shaped metal foil having a first longitudinal edge. The cathode current collector has a strip-shaped main region loaded with a layer of positive electrode material and a free edge strip extending along the first longitudinal edge that is not loaded with the positive electrode material. The strip-shaped main region of the anode current collector or the cathode current collector has a plurality of apertures.

The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery comprising: a current collector comprising a structure in a fabric form in which fiber bundles are cross-woven, wherein each of the fiber bundles is formed of sets of fiber yarns and each of the fiber yarns includes a polymer fiber and a metal layer surrounding the polymer fiber; and an electrode including an active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the current collector.

A primary or rechargeable battery comprising a battery housing; a cathode comprising a cathode electroactive material a conductive carbon, and a binder; an anode comprising an anode electroactive material; an electrolyte; and a conductive interlayer; and wherein the cathode, the anode, the electrolyte, and the conductive interlayer are disposed within the battery housing. The cathode electroactive material comprises manganese dioxide, any polymorphs thereof, or combinations thereof. The cathode is configured to access 20-100% of 1.sup.st electron capacity of the cathode electroactive material. The conductive interlayer contacts the cathode. The conductive interlayer comprises (i) a binder and (ii) a conductive carbon, a metal hydroxide, a metal oxide, or combinations thereof.

An electrode includes a first free-standing carbon network, an active material deposited above the first free-standing carbon network, and a second free-standing carbon network covering the active material. The first and second carbon networks are a binder, a conductive additive and a current collector to the electrode.