An energy storage device includes a printed current collector layer, where the printed current collector layer includes nickel flakes and a current collector conductive carbon additive. The energy storage device includes a printed electrode layer printed over the current collector layer, where the printed electrode layer includes an ionic liquid and an electrode conductive carbon additive. The ionic liquid can include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The current collector conductive carbon can include graphene and the electrode conductive carbon additive can include graphite, graphene, and/or carbon nanotubes.

The present disclosure is directed to fluoride (F) ion batteries and F shuttle batteries comprising an anode with a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, a cathode comprising a core shell structure, and a liquid fluoride battery electrolyte. According to some aspects, the components therein enable discharge and recharge at room-temperature.

Described are electrolyte compositions comprising a fluorinated solvent, an organic carbonate, a sultone, and optionally a borate. The fluorinated solvent may be a fluorinated acyclic carboxylic acid ester, a fluorinated acyclic carbonate, a fluorinated acyclic ether, or mixtures thereof. The organic carbonate may be fluorinated or non-fluorinated. The electrolyte compositions are useful in electrochemical cells, such as lithium ion batteries.

The present disclosure is directed to phosphorus based thermal runaway inhibiting (TRI) materials, the synthesis thereof and an electrochemical cell electrolyte containing the phosphorus based materials.

A metallic salt including at least one anion having a heterocyclic aromatic structure represented by one of Formulae 1 to 3; and a metallic cation:

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wherein, in Formulae 1 to 3, each X is independently N, P, or As, one of A.sub.1 and A.sub.2 is an electron-donating group, and the other one is an electron-withdrawing group, ring, Ar.sub.1 and ring Ar.sub.2 are as defined herein, L is a linker group as defined herein, m is an integer from 1 to 5, and n is an integer from 0 to 5.

A printed energy storage device includes a first electrode including zinc, a second electrode including manganese dioxide, and a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, the first electrode, second, electrode, and separator printed onto a substrate. The device may include a first current collector and/or a second current collector printed onto the substrate. The energy storage device may include a printed intermediate layer between the separator and the first electrode. The first electrode, and the second electrode may include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode and the second electrode may include an electrolyte having zinc tetrafluoroborate (ZnBF.sub.4) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (C.sub.2mimBF.sub.4). The first electrode, the second electrode, the first current collector, and/or the second current collector can include carbon nanotubes. The separator may include solid microspheres.

A lithium-air or lithium-oxygen electrochemical generator comprising at least one electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte conducting lithium ions disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrod wherein the negative electrode comprises, as active material, a lithium and calcium alloy.

A polymer gel electrolyte containing at least a lithium salt and an aprotic solvent, in which an amorphous polymer layer is formed on the surface of an electrode active material.

The disclosure concerns an electrochemical cell including a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode including an elemental metal or metal alloy. The electrolyte includes an electrolyte salt, an ionic liquid, and an optional first polymer binder. The electrolyte and/or the anode further includes a protective metal salt in an amount sufficient to (i) reduce or eliminate hydrogen evolution or open circuit side reactions in the electrochemical cell, or (ii) plate out onto or alloy with the anode metal or conductive additives in the anode. The electrochemical cell may further include a first current collector in contact with the cathode, and a second current collector in contact with the anode. The second current collector may include a metal or metal alloy. In such cells, the second current collector may further include the protective metal salt, and the protective metal salt may plate out onto or alloy with the metal or metal alloy of the second current collector.

An electrochemical device including a negative electrode made of a magnesium-based material includes an electrolyte solution consisting of a solvent composed of linear ether, and magnesium salt dissolved in the solvent, in which the magnesium salt is dissolved in 3 moles or more per liter of the solvent.