An electrochemical cell is provided. The electrochemical cell includes a positive electrode including a first lithium metal-based material, the first lithium metal-based material including one or more transition metal ions, and wherein the positive electrode has an operating voltage of 4.5 volts versus lithium metal potential or greater. The electrochemical cell also includes an electrolyte formed from ingredients comprising a solvent and lithium salt. The solvent includes at least one carbonic ester. The electrochemical cell further includes a negative electrode including a second lithium metal-based material, the second lithium metal-based material including one or more transition metal ions.

A multilayer (200) for a lithium-ion battery having a structure including at least a polyolefin based substrate layer (204) forming the inner layer of the multilayer separator (200); a resin layer (203) stacked on both surface of the polyolefin substrate layer (204), the resin layer (203) being formed from a polyolefin; a cellulose fibers based outer layer (202) stacked on the surface of each resin layer (203).

A rechargeable lithium-ion battery includes a housing and a battery cell arranged in the housing. The battery cell includes a liquid electrolyte, a composite anode, a composite cathode, and a separator arranged between the composite anode and the composite cathode. The liquid electrolyte includes an ionic liquid, an organic compound, and a lithium salt. The composite anode includes a metal current collector coated with a layer which includes an active material and a binder. The composite cathode includes a metal current collector coated with a layer which includes an active material and a binder. The active material of the composite anode is a lithium titan oxide (LTO). The composite cathode, the composite anode, and the separator, when immersed in the liquid electrolyte, are heat resistant at temperatures of above 150° C. The rechargeable lithium-ion battery is rechargeable in a temperature range of from −30° C. to 150° C.

A lithium secondary battery comprising a cathode, an anode, an elastic polymer protective layer disposed between the cathode and the anode, and a working electrolyte, wherein the elastic polymer protective layer comprises a high-elasticity polymer having a thickness from 2 nm to 100 μm, a lithium ion conductivity from 10.sup.−8 S/cm to 5×10.sup.−2 S/cm at room temperature, and a fully recoverable tensile elastic strain from 2% to 1,000% when measured without any additive dispersed therein and wherein the high-elasticity polymer comprises at least a crosslinked polymer network of chains from at least one polymer containing carboxylic and/or hydroxyl groups or from at least one polymer that is water-soluble prior to crosslinking.

In accordance with at least selected embodiments or aspects, the present invention is directed to improved, unique, and/or high performance ISS lead acid battery separators, such as improved ISS flooded lead acid battery separators, ISS batteries including such separators, methods of production, and/or methods of use. The preferred ISS separator may include negative cross ribs and/or PIMS minerals. In accordance with more particular embodiments or examples, a PIMS mineral (preferably fish meal, a bio-mineral) is provided as at least a partial substitution for the silica filler component in a silica filled lead acid battery separator (preferably a polyethylene/silica separator formulation). In accordance with at least selected embodiments, the present invention is directed to new or improved batteries, separators, components, and/or compositions having heavy metal removal capabilities and/or methods of manufacture and/or methods of use thereof.

An electrochemical apparatus includes a first electrode plate, a second electrode plate, a first separator, and a second separator, the first separator includes a first porous substrate, the second electrode plate includes a second porous substrate, and the first electrode plate, the first separator, the second electrode plate and the second separator are stacked in sequence to form an electrode assembly; and at least one surface of the first porous substrate is provided with a polymer bonding layer, and at least one surface of the second porous substrate is provided with no polymer bonding layer. A new electrode assembly structure separate a positive electrode plate and a negative electrode plate through a first separator provided with a polymer binder, which is beneficial to shape the electrode assembly and release a stress at corner, thereby inhibiting deformation of the electrochemical apparatus.

According to one embodiment, there is provided a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a nonaqueous electrolyte and a separator. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material containing Li.sub.xNi.sub.1-a-bCo.sub.aMn.sub.bM.sub.cO.sub.2 (0.9<x≤1.25, 0<a≤0.4, 0≤b≤0.45, 0≤c≤0.1, and M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Zn, Zr, Ca, and Sn). The separator includes polyester. A pore volume in a pore size distribution according to a mercury intrusion porosimetry is in a range of 0.9 cm.sup.3/g to 3 cm.sup.3/g. An air permeability value according to a Gurley method is in a range of 2 sec/100 ml to 15 sec/100 ml.

According to one embodiment, there is provided a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a nonaqueous electrolyte and a separator. The positive electrode includes a positive electrode active material containing Li.sub.xNi.sub.1-a-bCo.sub.aMn.sub.bM.sub.cO.sub.2 (0.9<x≤1.25, 0<a≤0.4, 0≤b≤0.45, 0≤c≤0.1, and M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Zn, Zr, Ca, and Sn). The separator includes polyester. A pore volume in a pore size distribution according to a mercury intrusion porosimetry is in a range of 0.9 cm.sup.3/g to 3 cm.sup.3/g. An air permeability value according to a Gurley method is in a range of 2 sec/100 ml to 15 sec/100 ml.

Thermoresponsive composite switch (TRCS) membranes for ion batteries include a porous scaffolding providing ion channels and a thermoresponsive polymer coating. Boron nitride nanotube (BNNT)/polymer composite TRCS membrane embodiments are preferable due to unique BNNT properties. A BNNT scaffold coated with one or more polymers may form a composite separator with tunable porosity (porosity level and pore size distribution), composition, wettability, and superior electronic isolation, oxidative/reduction resistance, and mechanical strength. The BNNT/polymer composite TRCS membrane optimizes the performance of ion batteries with tunable separator thicknesses that may be under 5 μ.Math.η. Nano-scale porosity with thin separator thicknesses improves the charge density of the battery. Nano-scale architecture allows for reversible localized switching on the nano scale, in proximity to thermally stressed ion substrates. Polymer thermal expansion will decrease porosity at temperatures approaching the thermal runaway point. The BNNT polymers composite therefore functions as a TRCS.

An electrical energy storage device and a method of forming such electrical energy storage device. The electrical energy storage device includes an electrolyte that is arranged to dissipate energy when subjected to external mechanical load applied to the electrical energy storage device. The electrolyte includes a polymer matrix of at least two crosslinked structures, including a first polymeric material and a second polymeric material; and an electrolytic solution retained by the polymer matrix.