A feed network arrangement for generating a multi-antennae signal includes a plurality of coupler devices coupled to one another in waveguide technique, and a plurality of adjustable length of line devices. At least one of the plurality of adjustable length of line devices is coupled to at least one of the plurality of coupler devices, where the one of the plurality of adjustable length of line device is configured to calibrate an electrical length of a supply line of the at least one of the plurality of coupler devices, In addition, the plurality of coupler devices are arranged such that a plurality of inputs of the feed network arrangement are disposed on a first side of the feed network arrangement and a plurality of outputs of the feed network arrangement are disposed on a second side of the feed network arrangement.

An antenna array that can include a plurality of antenna cells positioned in a global coordinate system of the antenna array. Each of the plurality of antenna cells has a respective local coordinate system and can include a radiating element having a predetermined angle of rotation defined in the global coordinate system and an antenna port coupled to the radiating element, the antenna port being positioned at a particular set of coordinates in the respective local coordinate system. The particular set of coordinates of the antenna port of each of the plurality of antenna cells can be the same.

A user terminal for transmitting data to a plurality of access points comprises a pre-processor to pre-process at least one source data stream and a multi-beam antenna. The pre-processor comprises a segmenting device to segment the at least one source data stream into a set of N data sub streams, N being an integer greater than 1; a K-muxing unit to perform a N-to-N K-muxing transform on the N data substreams to generate N K-muxed data streams, each of the N K-muxed data streams being a linear combination of the N data substreams; and a bank of modulators to modulate the N K-muxed data streams to generate N K-muxed signal streams. The multi-beam antenna comprises beam forming networks to transform the N K-muxed signal streams into transmit beams, and an array of antenna elements to transmit the transmit beams to the access points.

A communication apparatus having a plurality of antennas uses a predetermined frequency channel to perform communication, adjusts beamforming for transmission/reception by setting a weighting coefficient for each of the plurality of antennas, monitors to detect a radar signal outputted from another communication apparatus by using the predetermined frequency channel in a beamforming state formed in accordance with the weighting coefficients, and determines whether or not a reception level of the radar signal is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold. When it is determined that the reception level of the radar signal is greater than or equal to the predetermined threshold, the communication apparatus changes the weighting coefficients, and uses the predetermined frequency channel in a beamforming state formed in accordance with the changed weighting coefficients to perform communication.

An electronic device includes a substrate, plural varactors, a memory element, a driving unit and plural antenna elements. Each varactor is defined with a capacitor-voltage characteristic curve. The memory element is defined with one or more lookup tables for recording the capacitance values and varactor voltage values of the capacitor-voltage characteristic curve. The driving unit outputs plural voltage signals respectively to the varactors, and each voltage signal respectively provided with one varactor voltage value. Each antenna element is provided with various phase values in response to the capacitance values of the corresponding varactor. A selective one of the varactor voltage values in response to the required capacitance value of the corresponding varactor is found out from the lookup table(s) and delivered by the driving unit. The antenna elements are together enabled to form a wave beam with a characteristic wavefront in accordance with the capacitance values

In a method for beamforming in a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication system, a data unit from a second communication device is received at a first communication device via a MIMO communication channel. Training signals in the data unit are buffered in a memory of the first communication device, wherein buffering assumes that the data unit spans a bandwidth greater than a maximum bandwidth of a legacy first communication protocol. The first communication device determines whether the data unit is formatted according to a duplication mode in which a bandwidth portion of the data unit conforms to the legacy first communication protocol. If it is determined that the data unit is formatted according to the duplication mode, the first communication device utilizes a transmit beamforming matrix generated using the training signals buffered assuming that the data unit spans the bandwidth greater than the maximum bandwidth of the legacy first communication protocol.

Methods and systems are described for providing end-to-end beamforming. For example, end-to-end beamforming systems include end-to-end relays and ground networks to provide communications to user terminals located in user beam coverage areas. The ground segment can include geographically distributed access nodes and a central processing system. Return uplink signals, transmitted from the user terminals, have multipath induced by a plurality of receive/transmit signal paths in the end to end relay and are relayed to the ground network. The ground network, using beamformers, recovers user data streams transmitted by the user terminals from return downlink signals. The ground network, using beamformers generates forward uplink signals from appropriately weighted combinations of user data streams that, after relay by the end-end-end relay, produce forward downlink signals that combine to form user beams.

Methods and systems are described for providing end-to-end beamforming. For example, end-to-end beamforming systems include end-to-end relays and ground networks to provide communications to user terminals located in user beam coverage areas. The ground segment can include geographically distributed access nodes and a central processing system. Return uplink signals, transmitted from the user terminals, have multipath induced by a plurality of receive/transmit signal paths in the end to end relay and are relayed to the ground network. The ground network, using beamformers, recovers user data streams transmitted by the user terminals from return downlink signals. The ground network, using beamformers generates forward uplink signals from appropriately weighted combinations of user data streams that, after relay by the end-end-end relay, produce forward downlink signals that combine to form user beams.

Base station antennas include an array of radiating elements that includes multiple columns of radiating elements, with each column including multiple radiating elements, a first phase shifter configured to change a phase of a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first frequency band for transmission in a beam forming mode, a second phase shifter configured to change a phase of an RF signal of a second frequency band for transmission in a multi-beam mode, where the RF signal of the second frequency band includes first and second beam signals, a multi-beam device configured to generate an output signal according to the phase shifted first beam signal and the phase shifted second beam signal, and a diplexer configured to receive the phase shifted RF signal of the first frequency band and the output signal of the multi-beam device, and transmit an output signal to the corresponding radiating elements.

Base station antennas include an array of radiating elements that includes multiple columns of radiating elements, with each column including multiple radiating elements, a first phase shifter configured to change a phase of a radio frequency (RF) signal of a first frequency band for transmission in a beam forming mode, a second phase shifter configured to change a phase of an RF signal of a second frequency band for transmission in a multi-beam mode, where the RF signal of the second frequency band includes first and second beam signals, a multi-beam device configured to generate an output signal according to the phase shifted first beam signal and the phase shifted second beam signal, and a diplexer configured to receive the phase shifted RF signal of the first frequency band and the output signal of the multi-beam device, and transmit an output signal to the corresponding radiating elements.