The invention synthesizes a social network, electronic commerce (including performance based advertisement and electronic payment), a mobile internet device (MID)/mobile wearable internet device and a machine learning algorithm(s), utilizing a classical computer or an optical computer enhanced machine learning algorithms, utilizing an optical computer or a quantum computer enhanced machine learning algorithm(s), utilizing a quantum computer. The synthesized social commerce further dynamically integrates stored information, real time information and real time information/data/image(s) from an object/array of objects (Internet of Things (IoT) and automated agents (bots). The machine learning algorithm(s), utilizing a classical computer can include a software agent, a fuzzy logic algorithm, a predictive algorithm, an intelligence rendering algorithm, a self-learning (including relearning) algorithm.

There are described methods and devices for intra-spacecraft communication in space, the electro-optical device having at least one of transmitting capabilities for converting a first electrical signal into a first optical signal and outputting the first optical signal within a spacecraft, and receiving capabilities for receiving a second optical signal within the spacecraft and converting the second optical signal into a second electrical signal, the electro-optical device having at least one integrated circuit dedicated to at least one of the transmitting capabilities and the receiving capabilities, the at least one integrated circuit configured for operating in an analog mode where configuration voltages for the integrated circuit are provided by analog voltage settings unaffected by radiation.

A laser device includes: a substrate formed from material transparent at a laser wavelength; a first reflecting layer to reflect at least some incident radiation at the laser wavelength; a layer including a gain medium for providing stimulated emission of radiation at the laser wavelength, and positioned between the first reflecting layer and the substrate; a second reflecting layer on an opposite side of the substrate from the first reflecting layer to reflect at least some incident radiation at the laser wavelength; a spatial light modulator in an optical cavity comprising the first and second reflecting layers, and comprising an array of elements each corresponding to a different path for radiation in the optical cavity; and a computer controller that, during operation, causes the spatial light modulator to selectively vary an intensity or phase of radiation in the optical cavity to provide variable transverse spatial mode output of the radiation.

This semiconductor laser device includes a semiconductor laser chip and a spatial light modulator SLM optically coupled to the semiconductor laser chip. The semiconductor laser chip LDC includes an active layer 4, a pair of cladding layers 2 and 7 sandwiching the active layer 4, a diffraction grating layer 6 optically coupled to the active layer 4, and a drive electrode E3 that is disposed between the cladding layer 2 and the spatial light modulator SLM and supplies an electric current to the active layer 4, and the drive electrode E3 is positioned within an XY plane and has a plurality of openings as viewed from a Z-axis direction and has a non-periodic structure.

A vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diode includes: a first resonator that has a plurality of semiconductor layers comprising a first current narrowing structure having a first conductive region and a first non-conductor region; a first electrode that supplies electric power to drive the first resonator; a second resonator that has a plurality of semiconductor layers comprising a second current narrowing structure having a second conductive region and a second non-conductive region and that is formed side by side with the first resonator, the second current narrowing structure being formed in same current narrowing layer as the layer where the first current narrowing structure is formed; and a coupling portion as defined herein; and an equivalent refractive index of the coupling portion is smaller than an equivalent refractive index of each of the first resonator and the second resonator.

An apparatus for emitting pulsed electromagnetic laser radiation includes a laser gain element; an optical arrangement defining a laser resonator and arranged to re-direct radiation emitted by the gain element along a beam path back onto the gain element, the optical arrangement comprising an output coupler configured to couple a portion of the radiation in the laser resonator out of the laser resonator; and, a pump arrangement configured to pump the laser gain element. The optical arrangement includes a mode locker placed in the laser resonator in the beam path, and a birefringent element placed in the laser resonator in the beam path.

A semiconductor arrangement and a method of forming the same are described. A semiconductor arrangement includes a first layer including a first optical transceiver and a second layer including a second optical transceiver. A first serializer/deserializer (SerDes) is connected to the first optical transceiver and a second SerDes is connected to the second optical transceiver. The SerDes converts parallel data input into serial data output including a clock signal that the first transceiver transmits to the second transceiver. The semiconductor arrangement has a lower area penalty than traditional intra-layer communication arrangements that do not use optics for alignment, and mitigates alignment issues associated with conventional techniques.

An optical subassembly includes: a TSV submount layer carrying an active optical component and a sandwich cap bonded to the TSV submount layer. The sandwich cap includes a bottom spacer layer disposed above the TSV submount layer, a glass layer above the bottom spacer layer, and an upper spacer layer above the glass layer. A cavity is defined in the bottom spacer layer and configured for accommodating the active optical component. At least one first lens is formed on the glass layer and is opposite to the active optical component. An alignment feature is formed in the upper spacer layer.

The invention synthesizes a social network, electronic commerce (including performance based advertisement and electronic payment), a mobile internet device and a machine learning algorithm(s), utilizing a classical computer or a quantum computer enhanced machine learning algorithm(s), utilizing a quantum computer. The synthesized social commerce further dynamically integrates stored information, real time information and real time information/data/image(s) from an object/array of objects (Internet of Things (IoT)). The machine learning algorithm(s), utilizing a classical computer can include a software agent, a fuzzy logic algorithm, a predictive algorithm, an intelligence rendering algorithm and a self-learning (including relearning) algorithm.

According to various embodiments, there is provided a layer arrangement including a graphene layer; a gating electrode layer configured to provide a tuning voltage to the graphene layer; a laser layer configured to provide an electromagnetic wave; and a concentric-circular grating layer configured to couple the electromagnetic wave to the graphene layer.