Provided are a packet forwarding method and apparatus, and a storage medium and an electronic device. The method includes: looking up an ingress label of a packet to be forwarded in a current label forwarding table corresponding to a current time slice or current topology in a case that the packet to be forwarded is acquired; looking up the ingress label in a target label forwarding table corresponding to a target time slice or target topology in a case that the ingress label is not found in the current label forwarding table; and forwarding the packet to be forwarded according to an egress label corresponding to the ingress label in the target label forwarding table in a case that the ingress label is found in the target time slice. By the present disclosure, the problem of packet forwarding failure is solved, thereby achieving an effect of improving the packet forwarding efficiency.

Various embodiments may provide systems and methods for achieving continuous measurements (e.g., continuous video images) of the same spot on the Earth using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations and/or Middle Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite constellations. Various embodiments may provide a system of Virtual Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Stationary Satellites (VLSSs) over any area of the Earth for a continuous or a periodic amount of time.

Systems and methods are disclosed for random access in a wireless communication system such as, e.g., a wireless communication system having a non-terrestrial (e.g., satellite-based) radio access network. Embodiments of a method performed by a wireless device and corresponding embodiments of a wireless device are disclosed. In some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device for random access comprises performing an open-loop timing advance estimation procedure to thereby determine an open-loop timing advance estimate for an uplink between the wireless device and a base station. The method further comprises transmitting a random access preamble using the open-loop timing advance estimate. In this manner, random access can be performed even in the presence of a long propagation delay such as that present in a satellite-based radio access network. Embodiments of a method performed by a base station and corresponding embodiments of a base station are also disclosed.

A method for updating an uplink timing advance is performed by a terminal, and includes: determining update configuration; and updating the uplink timing advance based on the update configuration.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for paging in discontinuous coverage. A method that may be performed by a network entity includes communicating with a user equipment (UE) and a core network: and sending or receiving radio paging information indicating at least one of cell coverage information or an identifier associated with a geographic area in which the UE is located, wherein the geographic area is in a coverage path of a non-terrestrial network (NTN).

A GSM satellite communication system is in communication with a first satellite having a first field of view including a first plurality of cells in which a plurality of active User Equipment (UEs) is located. The plurality of active UEs is in direct communication with the first satellite. The satellite communication system includes a first feeder link and a first tracking antenna configured to communicate with the plurality of active UEs via the first satellite directly serving the first plurality of cells; a first processing device configured to communicate with the plurality of active UEs; and a second processing device configured to normalize delay for a plurality of beam centers of the first plurality of cells, and provide the normalized delay to the first processing device.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, an aerial node may determine, among a set of beams, one or more beams to be muted to mitigate potential interference associated with multiple aerial nodes transmitting to a terrestrial user equipment (UE). The aerial node may mute the one or more beams while transmitting, to the terrestrial UE, at least one of a discovery signal or feedback related to an emergency message relaying service. Numerous other aspects are described.

Systems, devices, and methods for determining and establishing frequency-dependent gain compensation in wide bandwidth communication systems are disclosed. Variable frequency-dependent gain compensation circuits, or variable equalizers, have settings that configure them to establish discrete frequency-dependent gain compensation. The frequency-dependent gain compensation can include various types and levels of gain slope and/or ripple. The settings of the variable equalizers can be set by control signals established a control circuit in response to signals from an external computer. The variable equalizers are coupled to other circuits or devices and the frequency-dependent gain of the combined circuit are measured. The settings of the variable equalizer are then changed to establish an optimal frequency-dependent gain profile or frequency-dependent gain that is closest to a predetermined frequency-dependent target gain profile. The settings can then be saved in a memory or register.

A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) and cellular system to provide backhaul satellite communications for a cellular base station are disclosed. The VSAT including an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) Core Network (CN) device; and a satellite modem connected to the EPC CN device and to communicate over a satellite link, wherein the EPC CN device manages communication of user traffic from the cellular base station to the satellite modem.

A cellular system and method to provide voice and data services to a user terminal are disclosed. The cellular system includes a cellular base station; a satellite backhaul including a first satellite link and a second satellite link; and a traffic classifier to classify traffic from the cellular base station as voice traffic for transportation via the first satellite link and as data traffic for transportation via the second satellite link.