Provided is a reference signal transmission method and device. The method includes that a base station transmits indication information to a UE through a downlink control signaling or a higher layer signaling, where the indication information includes one of: information indicating that the UE transmits a reference signal, information indicating whether the reference signal is contained in a physical downlink shared channel or a physical downlink control channel, or information indicating a transmission mode of a downlink reference signal or an uplink reference signal; or the base station pre-defines with the UE a time-frequency resource or a parameter set required by the UE or the base station to transmit the reference signal, where the time-frequency resource or the parameter set includes at least one of: a time domain symbol position, a frequency domain position, a transmission period and a subframe offset, a type of a reference signal sequence or an orthogonal mask. This solves the problem in the existing art of how to properly place a reference signal on time-frequency resources and trigger a signaling correspondingly.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure there is provided a communication device comprising circuitry configured to modulate a four-dimensional input signal by combining the four real-valued signal components of the input signal into a transformed signal and multiplying the transformed signal by carrier signals using two different carrier frequencies to obtain a transmit signal, and transmit the transmit signal.

To provide improved phase noise tolerance and improved identification of certain fault types, a modulation/demodulation procedure is disclosed for 5G and 6G. The transmitter can modulate a message according to the amplitude and phase of the overall waveform to be emitted, modulated according to predetermined amplitude and phase levels of the modulation scheme. The receiver can then separate the received waveform into orthogonal I and Q branches and measure their branch amplitudes, as usual. The receiver can then convert the branch amplitude measurements back into the original amplitude-phase modulation parameters using formulas provided. The receiver can then demodulate the message by comparing the overall amplitude and phase of each message element to the predetermined amplitude and phase levels of the modulation scheme, which thereby provides substantially increased phase noise tolerance at high frequencies. The procedure can also diagnose fault types and identify faulted message elements specifically, among other benefits.

The present disclosure relates to a pre-5.sup.th-generation (5G) or 5G communication system to be provided for supporting higher data rates beyond 4.sup.th-generation (4G) communication system such as a long term evolution (LTE). The various embodiments of the present disclosure disclose a method for selecting a relay in a source user equipment (UE) in a device-to-device (D2D) communication system. The method includes receiving a relay discovery message from one or more user equipment-network (UE-NW) relays; measuring a radio link quality of a wireless link between the source UE and a UE-NW relay for each of the one or more UE-NW relays discovered by the source UE; and selecting a UE-NW relay using information included in the relay discovery message, the radio link quality of the wireless link between the source UE and the UE-NW relay and a radio link quality of the wireless link between the UE-NW relay and a base station (BS).

Methods and apparatus for providing a demapping system with phase compensation to demap uplink transmissions. In an embodiment, a method is provided that includes detecting a processing type associated with a received uplink transmission, and when the detected processing type is a first processing type then performing the following operations: removing resource elements containing reference signals from the uplink transmission; layer demapping remaining resource elements of the uplink transmission into two or more layers; phase compensating all layers to generate phase compensated layers; and soft-demapping all phase compensated layers to produce phase compensated soft-demapped bits.

According to some embodiments, a method in a wireless network element of transmitting a transport block comprises determining a modulation coding scheme for a transmission of the transport block; determining a category type of a wireless device that will transmit or receive the transport block; determining, using the category type of the wireless device, an encoding soft buffer size (N.sub.IR) for the transport block; adjusting, using the modulation coding scheme. the encoding soft buffer size (N.sub.IR) by a factor (K.sub.H); encoding the transport block according to the determined modulation coding scheme and the adjusted encoding soft buffer size; and transmitting the transport block. In particular embodiments, the determined modulation coding scheme is 256 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (256 QAM) and the factor (K.sub.H) is 4/3.

An apparatus comprising a first electrical driver configured to generate a first binary voltage signal according to first data, a second electrical driver configured to generate a second binary voltage signal according to second data, wherein the first data and the second data are different, and a first optical waveguide arm coupled to the first electrical driver and the second electrical driver, wherein the first optical waveguide arm is configured to shift a first phase of a first optical signal propagating along the first optical waveguide arm according to a first voltage difference between the first binary voltage signal and the second binary voltage signal to produce a first multi-level phase-shifted optical signal.

An operation method of a first communication node in a communication system may include: generating a base sequence; performing a quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) operation on the base sequence; generating a first signal sequence by performing a rotational transform operation by a first angle on a complex plane with respect to a result of the QPSK operation; modulating the first signal sequence to generate first modulation symbols; and transmitting a first signal composed of the first modulation symbols to a second communication node, wherein each of a plurality of elements constituting the first signal sequence has a real value or a pure imaginary value.

Embodiments of the present application disclose a method and terminal device for data transmission. The method is applied to a vehicle-to-everything system, and comprises: a terminal device in a first protocol layer determining, according to service information of data to be sent, a transmission mechanism for transmitting the data to be sent. The method and terminal device in the embodiments of the present application enhance data transmission capabilities.

This disclosure describes apparatuses, methods, and techniques for implementing a multimode frequency multiplier. In example implementations, an apparatus for generating a frequency includes a multimode frequency multiplier. The multimode frequency multiplier includes a multiphase generator and a reconfigurable frequency multiplier. The multiphase generator is configured to produce a first signal including multiple phase components and having a first frequency. The reconfigurable frequency multiplier is coupled in series with the multiphase generator. The reconfigurable frequency multiplier is configured to produce a second signal based on the first signal and having a second frequency that is a multiple of the first frequency.