This application provides a data transmission method and apparatus. The method includes: A core network element receives a first message sent by a first terminal device. The first message is used to request to establish a first PDU session. The core network element determines, based on group information corresponding to the first terminal device, that the first terminal device needs to perform local routing. The group information includes a group identifier ID and a group member list. The core network element obtains binding information. The binding information includes the group ID and session information of the first PDU session, and the session information includes one or more of a session ID, a TEID, and a QFIs of the first PDU session. The core network element sends the binding information to a first access network node. This can implement IAB based local routing, and shorten a transmission latency.

A method may include transferring data between a host and a first storage device through a first storage interface, transferring data between the host and a second storage device through a second storage interface, and transferring data between the first storage device and the second storage device through a peer-to-peer channel. A storage system may include a host interface, a first storage device having a first storage interface coupled to the host interface, a second storage device having a second storage interface coupled to the host interface, and a peer-to-peer bus coupled between the first and second storage devices. A storage device may include a storage medium, a storage device controller coupled to the storage medium, a storage interface coupled to the storage device controller, and a peer-to-peer interface coupled to the storage device controller.

A method may include transferring data between a host and a first storage device through a first storage interface, transferring data between the host and a second storage device through a second storage interface, and transferring data between the first storage device and the second storage device through a peer-to-peer channel. A storage system may include a host interface, a first storage device having a first storage interface coupled to the host interface, a second storage device having a second storage interface coupled to the host interface, and a peer-to-peer bus coupled between the first and second storage devices. A storage device may include a storage medium, a storage device controller coupled to the storage medium, a storage interface coupled to the storage device controller, and a peer-to-peer interface coupled to the storage device controller.

A device may include a memory storing instructions and processor configured to execute the instructions to receive, by a first blockchain node and via a first base station, a message from a first Internet of Things (IoT) device to a second IoT device, wherein the device corresponds to a first multi-access edge computing (MEC) device located in a first MEC network associated with the first base station. The processor may be further configured to authenticate, by the first blockchain node, the first IoT device using a blockchain associated with a group of IoT devices and send, by the first blockchain node, the message to a second blockchain node in a second MEC device in a second MEC network associated with a second base station servicing the second IoT device, in response to authenticating the first IoT device using the blockchain associated with the group of IoT devices.

Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for packet forwarding control protocol (PFCP) message bundling. In an example embodiment, an apparatus comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. In some embodiments, apparatus can be configured to: determine that more than one control protocol messages should be sent between a control plane entity and a user plane entity or said user plane entity and said control plane entity; determine the control plane entity and the user plane entity support sending and receiving a single datagram carrying more than one control protocol messages; extend a header of each control protocol message to indicate that the datagram is carrying more than one control protocol messages; combine one or more message types and respective message elements of the more than one control protocol messages into the single datagram; and cause sending said single datagram.

Methods, media, and systems are disclosed for adding new users to a channel in a group-based communication system. The system receives a request to add new users to a channel. The system adds a new user by classifying the new user's email address domain as internal or external. If the domain is internal, the first user is added to the channel as a member, and if the domain is external, the user is prompted for a type of access for the new user. If the new user's access type is guest, the new user is added to the channel as a guest. If the type of access is shared, the channel is shared with an organization associated with the domain, and the new user is added as a member of the channel that has been shared.

Methods, systems, and apparatus for optimizing communication in a blockchain network. An example method includes establishing, by a first relay node in the blockchain network, a connection with a first blockchain node in the blockchain network in response to a connection request of the first blockchain node; receiving, by the first relay node, a registration request transmitted by the first blockchain node; generating, by the first relay node, a registration event based on the registration request; updating, by the first relay node, a local routing table based on the registration event; and forwarding, by the first relay node, a message of the first blockchain node to another relay node or another blockchain node in the blockchain network that is connected to the first relay node based on the local routing table.

Methods, systems, and apparatus for optimizing communication in a blockchain network. An example method includes establishing, by a first relay node in the blockchain network, a connection with a first blockchain node in the blockchain network in response to a connection request of the first blockchain node; receiving, by the first relay node, a registration request transmitted by the first blockchain node; generating, by the first relay node, a registration event based on the registration request; updating, by the first relay node, a local routing table based on the registration event; and forwarding, by the first relay node, a message of the first blockchain node to another relay node or another blockchain node in the blockchain network that is connected to the first relay node based on the local routing table.

A system and method is proposed for estimating the contribution of components of a distributed computing environment to the generation of economically relevant values, like e.g., revenue numbers. Agents are deployed to the computing environment that trace executed transactions and that monitor components used to execute those transactions. The transaction trace data also contains data about the origin/user of transactions, which may be used to group transactions corresponding to particular interactions of individual users with the monitored application into visit data. Data describing economically relevant activities of transactions, like the purchase of goods, are also observed by agents and reported in trace data. Functional dependencies described in transaction trace data and resource related dependencies derived from component monitoring data are used to identify functionality and components that contributed to the generation of business value. The generated business value is assigned to contributing components to incrementally create data describing the economic value of those components. The so generated data can be used for various business-related analyses.

A system and method is proposed for estimating the contribution of components of a distributed computing environment to the generation of economically relevant values, like e.g., revenue numbers. Agents are deployed to the computing environment that trace executed transactions and that monitor components used to execute those transactions. The transaction trace data also contains data about the origin/user of transactions, which may be used to group transactions corresponding to particular interactions of individual users with the monitored application into visit data. Data describing economically relevant activities of transactions, like the purchase of goods, are also observed by agents and reported in trace data. Functional dependencies described in transaction trace data and resource related dependencies derived from component monitoring data are used to identify functionality and components that contributed to the generation of business value. The generated business value is assigned to contributing components to incrementally create data describing the economic value of those components. The so generated data can be used for various business-related analyses.