A user equipment (UE) determines that a protocol data unit (PDU) session comprises an adaptable PDU session. The UE determines whether a current energy mode of the UE comprises an energy-saving mode. In response to determining that the current energy mode of the UE comprises the energy-saving mode, the UE establishes the adaptable PDU session in a non-always-on mode; and in response to determining that the current energy mode of the UE does not comprise the energy-saving mode, the UE establishes the adaptable PDU session in an always-on mode. Further, the UE can initially establish a mode of a plurality of adaptable PDU sessions as the non-always-on mode, when connecting to a certain type of network.

A processing system may apply a data set comprising utilization metrics of a cells of a cell sector to a throughput prediction model to obtain a first predicted throughput for the cell sector for a designated future time period and for all cells being in an active state. The processing system may generate a first modified data set simulating a first cell being placed in an inactive state, by distributing utilization metrics of the first cell over at least one additional cell, and may apply the first modified data set to the throughput prediction model to obtain a second predicted throughput. The processing system may then determine that the second predicted throughput meets a threshold throughput that is based on the first predicted throughput, and transmit at least one instruction to place the first cell in the inactive state for the designated future time period in response to the determining.

A WTRU may receive configuration information associated with uplink transmissions over a split bearer. The split bearer may be associated with a first path and a second path. The configuration information may include radio quality thresholds associated with channel conditions over the first path and/or the second path. The WTRU may determine a (e.g., dynamic) transmission distribution percentage associated with UL transmissions over the first path and/or the second path based on at least the configuration information, channel conditions associated with the first path, and/or channel conditions associated with the second path. The WTRU may send uplink data associated with the split bearer based on the determined transmission distribution percentage. The WTRU may send an indication to the network associated with the split bearer. The WTRU may update the split buffer threshold based on channel conditions (e.g., CBR, RSRP, etc.) of the first path and/or the second path.

Facilitating hierarchical network control for load-balanced network energy savings in advanced communication networks is discussed. A method includes based on a federated learning process, determining, by a system comprising at least one processor, a graphical representation of a communication network. The graphical representation identifies respective communications between a group of radio units and a radio access network intelligent controller. The method also includes, based on the graphical representation, facilitating, by the system, user equipment association that defines an action for a network traffic load balancing process according to a network energy savings criterion. The network traffic load balancing process transfers network traffic of a specified user equipment from a source cell of a group of cells of the communication network to a target cell of the group of cells.