A method for concurrent execution of multiple protocols using a single radio of a wireless communication device is provided that includes receiving, in a radio command scheduler, a first radio command from a first protocol stack of a plurality of protocol states executing on the wireless communication device, determining a scheduling policy for the first radio command based on a current state of each protocol stack of the plurality of protocol stacks, and scheduling the first radio command in a radio command queue for the radio based on the scheduling policy, wherein the radio command scheduler uses the radio command queue to schedule radio commands received from the plurality of protocol stacks.

Systems, methods, and apparatuses for providing optimization of network resources. The system is operable to monitor the electromagnetic environment, analyze the electromagnetic environment, and extract environmental awareness of the electromagnetic environment. The system extracts the environmental awareness of the electromagnetic environment by including customer goals. The system is operable to use the environmental awareness with the customer goals and/or user defined policies and rules to extract actionable information to help the customer optimize the network resources.

A communication method is provided, a first policy control network element sends a subscription message to a usage monitoring network element, where the subscription message includes identification information of a first slice and identification information of a terminal device, and the subscription message is for subscribing to usage status information of the terminal device in the first slice. The first policy control network element receives, from the usage monitoring network element, first indication information indicating that usage of the terminal device in the first slice is exhausted. The first policy control network element sends, to a mobility management network element, availability status information of the first slice indicating that the first slice is unavailable; or the first policy control network element sends a user route selection policy to the terminal device, where the user route selection policy does not include the identification information of the first slice.

A wireless communication network enforces a user policy for a User Equipment (UE) and directs another wireless communication network to enforce another user policy for another UE. In the wireless communication network, an Application Function (AF) receives the user policy from another AF in the other wireless communication network and transfers the user policy to the PCF. The PCF distributes the user policy to a Network Function (NF). The NF enforces the user policy. The PCF identifies the other user policy for the other UE and transfers the other user policy to the AF. The AF responsively transfers the other user policy to the other AF. The other AF transfers the other user policy to another PCF in the other wireless communication network. The other PCF distributes the other user policy to another NF in the other wireless communication network which enforces the other user policy.

A mechanism is provided to monitor and control the number of terminals (100) or number of PDU sessions for a network slice, or both. A new network function called the Network Slice Control Function (NSCF) (85) is defined that interacts with an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) (40) and/or Session Management Function (SMF) (45) to monitor and control a number of users for a network slice, a number of PDU sessions for a network slice, or both. The NSCF (85) determines per slice quotas for the number of users and/or number of session for network slices and interacts with the AMF (40) and/or SMF (45) to enforce the quotas.

An apparatus of a transmitter computing node n (TX node n) of a wireless network, one or more computer readable media, a system, and a method. The apparatus includes one or more processors to: implement machine learning (ML) based training rounds, each training round including: determining a local action value function Q.sub.n(h.sub.n, a.sub.n; θ.sub.n) corresponding to a value of performing a radio resource management (RRM) action a.sub.n at a receiving computing node n (RX node n) associated with TX node n using policy parameter θ.sub.n and based on h.sub.n, h.sub.n including channel state information at RX node n; and determining, based on an overall action value function Q.sub.tot at time t, an estimated gradient of an overall loss at time t for overall policy parameter θ.sub.t(∇L.sub.t(θ.sub.t)), wherein Q.sub.tot corresponds to a mixing of local action value functions Q.sub.i(h.sub.i, a.sub.i; θ.sub.i) for all TX nodes i in the network at time t including TX node n; and determine, in response to a determination that ∇L.sub.t(θ.sub.t) is close to zero for various values of t during training, a trained local action value function Q.sub.n,trained to generate a trained action value relating to data communication between TX node n and RX node n.

There is provided a method for handling packets in a network. The method is performed by a first entity. The method is performed in response to receipt of a first packet, from a first network slice in the network, to be scheduled for a first service. A first priority value is assigned to the first packet by a provider of the first service. The method comprises setting (100) a second priority value for the first packet based on a comparison of the first priority value with at least one reference priority value. The second priority value is indicative of a priority with which the first packet is to be scheduled relative to at least one other packet.

Presented herein are techniques to facilitate dynamic switching for user equipment between unique cell and shared cell operating modes based on application traffic. In one example, a method may include determining, a quality of service (QoS) to be provided for a traffic flow of a user equipment (UE) in which the mobile network includes a radio access network (RAN) including a plurality of radio units (RUs) in which at least two RUs provides a shared cell and each RU provides a unique cell; identifying an operating mode for the UE based on the QoS in which the operating mode indicates whether the traffic flow is to be communicated using a shared cell or a unique cell operating mode; and causing the UE to communicate the traffic flow using the shared cell the unique cell operating mode.

A service flow processing method includes obtaining, by a terminal, policy information of a service flow, where the policy information includes at least one of a flow steering policy, a flow steering mode, and link condition information for transmitting the service flow, and a packet data unit (PDU) session to which the service flow belongs supports a plurality of access technologies, and processing, by the terminal, the service flow based on the policy information.

A communication method includes: sending, by a policy control network element, first query information to a data analytics network element, where the first query information is used to obtain service quality information; and receiving, by the policy control network element, first response information sent by the data analytics network element, where the first response information includes the quality information that is of the service and that is requested using the first query information.