An electrical heater and a method of heating a catalyst. The heater includes a honeycomb body that includes a honey-comb structure. The honeycomb structure includes a central axis extending longitudinally and a plurality of interconnected walls. The interconnected walls include a plurality of radial walls extending along a radius of the honeycomb body between the central axis and an outermost periphery of the honeycomb body and a plurality of angular walls arranged concentrically with respect to the central axis and spanning between the radial walls. The honeycomb structure includes a plurality of cells defined by the interconnected walls. The heater comprises a first electrode disposed at the central axis and a second electrode disposed radially outwardly of the central axis and in electrical communication with the first electrode via one or more of the intersecting walls that are located between the first electrode and second electrode.

An IR radiator element (1) suitable for use as a miniature infrared emitter (micro-hotplate) in a gas sensor, IR-spectrometer or electron microscope. The micro-hotplate comprises a plate (2) supported by multiple support arms (4). The plate and arms are fabricated as a MEMS device comprising a single contiguous piece of electrically-conducting refractory ceramic such as hafnium carbide (HfC) or tantalum hafnium carbide (TaHfC). Each of the arms (4), in addition to providing structural cantilever support for the plate (2), acts as a heating element for the plate (2). The plate (2) is heated by applying a voltage across the arms (4). The arms (4) may also be shaped to absorb thermomechanical stress which arises during the heating and cooling of the arms and plate. The plate, which may have an area of less than 0.05 mm.sup.2 and a thickness of between 1% and 10% of the largest dimension of the plate (2), for example, can be heated to 4,000 K or more and cooled again with a duty cycle of as little 0.5 ms, thereby permitting pulsed operation at frequencies of up to 2 kHz. Its small size (10-200 μm) and low power consumption (e.g. 10-100 mW) make the micro-hotplate suitable for use in cryogenic applications, in miniaturized devices or in battery-powered devices such as mobile phones.

Various embodiments disclose a glow plug for a solid oxide fuel cell system. The glow plug includes a housing having a first end portion and a second end portion. The glow plug includes a heating element longitudinally disposed in the housing, extending from the second end portion of the housing towards the first end portion and extending outwardly from the housing for igniting fuel. Further, the glow plug includes a pair of coiled wires electrically connected to the heating element. Further, the glow plug includes a potting compound disposed within the second end portion of the housing for securing electrical coupling of the pair of coiled wires with the heating element. Furthermore, the glow plug includes a sealing element configured to form an air-tight connection between the housing and the heating element. The sealing element is positioned on top of the potting compound.

The present disclosure relates to food preparation apparatus with an electrical heating device comprising at least two electrical PTC thermistors for heating a food in a food preparation room, wherein the electrical PTC thermistors are electrically connected in parallel. The parallel-connected PTC thermistors are electrically connected to one another by one or more electrical bridges.

A heater is provided for heating an aerosol-forming substrate, the heater including: a heating element to heat the aerosol-forming substrate, the heating element including at least one positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, the PTC thermistor being configured to be supplied with an electric current so as to heat the PTC thermistor, in which a resistance of the PTC thermistor increases when a temperature of the PTC thermistor increases within a stabilised temperature range, a lower end of the stabilised temperature range being, when a constant voltage is applied to the PTC thermistor, a reference temperature at which the resistance of the PTC thermistor is twice a value of a minimum resistance of the PTC thermistor, and in which the reference temperature is between about 100° C. and about 350° C. when a constant voltage of 3.3V is applied to the PTC thermistor.

A cartridge for a vaporizer can include an elongated reservoir body and a plurality of longitudinally spaced heating modules configured to heat corresponding portions or zones of the reservoir body for vaporizing a vaporizable substance disposed therein. The plurality of heating modules can be individually controlled or controllable for optimizing user control over a vaporizer operation. The reservoir body can be disposed in or through openings in the heating modules with a gap there between and the heating modules can be configured to heat the reservoir body from a plurality of directions.

The present application discloses a heater and a smoking set including the heater. The heater includes: a base, having an inner surface and an outer surface; an infrared radiation layer, formed on the surface of the base; the infrared radiation layer is configured to generate infrared rays and at least heat an aerosol-forming matrix by radiation; a heating body arranged at the periphery of the base, and used to receive electric power from a power supply to generate heat. The heating body is configured to transfer the heat to heat the infrared radiation layer to generate the infrared rays. According to the present application, the infrared radiation layer is heated up by the heating body so that the infrared radiation layer generates infrared radiation to heat the aerosol-forming matrix, thereby reducing the preheating time of the aerosol-forming matrix and improving the user experience.

The invention relates to an apparatus and a method for the production of a particle foam part, wherein a mould cavity (5) is filled with foam particles, the foam particles are welded into a particle foam part and the particle foam part is cooled down in the mould. The foam particles are heated by means of a ceramic body (17) with integrated resistance heating and by the application of electromagnetic waves.

A transparent display system includes a transparent display, a touch-sensitive layer, and a heater layer. The touch-sensitive layer is connected to the transparent display and is configured to detect a touch-based input to the transparent display. The heater layer is connected to the transparent display and includes a trace array and one or more electrodes operable to activate the trace array to generate heat to heat at least a portion of the transparent display based on the touch-based input.

A method, equation, system, and device for electrically heating Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) and other transparent conductive materials having a uniform sheet resistivity for defogging and de-icing in a cold environment. The use of nonparallel busbars for connecting the conductive materials reduces excessive and dangerous hot zones. The mathematical analysis and equations provide a means of precisely providing an intermittent electrical connection so that the Watt density and heating is uniform, allowing much higher temperature for de-icing and defogging and more efficient use of energy. This same concept can be used for three dimensional formed heaters to compensate for non uniform sheet resistivity. Also shown are a means of improved busbar designs and an equation and a means of altering sheet resistivity to produce electric heaters with non parallel busbars of various shapes for uniform heating