This disclosure refers to a method for confectioning resistors that each comprise a PTC ceramic plate and metallic electrode layers covering opposite faces of the ceramic plate, said method comprising the following steps: measuring an electrical resistance of a resistor to be confectioned by applying an electrical potential to one of electrode layers such that an electric current flows from one of the electrode layers through the ceramic plate to the electrode layer on the opposite face of the ceramic plate, comparing the measured resistance to a target resistance, and removing, if the measured resistance is lower than the target resistance, a section of at least one of the electrode layers. This disclosure also refers to such a resistor and a heating device comprising such resistors.

A heating device for a lens, and an optical camera and a method for manufacturing same. A lens (1000) comprises a lens body, the lens body has a first surface (1100) and a second surface (1200) which are opposite to each other, and an edge (1300) that connects the first surface (1100) and the second surface (1200). The 5 heating device (1400) comprises: a heating unit adapted to be arranged on the edge (1300) of the lens body and used for transferring heat to the lens body after being powered. The heating device (1400) can achieve at least one of the beneficial effects such as a simple structure, high heat efficiency, uniform heating, safety in use, and strong weather resistance.

Methods and systems of heating a substrate in a vacuum deposition process include a resistive heater having a resistive heating element. Radiative heat emitted from the resistive heating element has a wavelength in a mid-infrared band from 5 μm to 40 μm that corresponds to a phonon absorption band of the substrate. The substrate comprises a wide bandgap semiconducting material and has an uncoated surface and a deposition surface opposite the uncoated surface. The resistive heater and the substrate are positioned in a vacuum deposition chamber. The uncoated surface of the substrate is spaced apart from and faces the resistive heater. The uncoated surface of the substrate is directly heated by absorbing the radiative heat.

A vehicle glazing comprising a glass substrate having an electrically conductive coating deposited on at least a portion of at least one surface thereof, wherein the electrically conductive coating comprises a pyrolytically deposited transparent conductive oxide layer, wherein a peripheral obscuration band printed on at least a portion of the electrically conductive coating, a cured electrically conductive ink printed on the peripheral obscuration band, and an electrically conductive element in electrical contact with both the electrically conductive coating and the cured electrically conductive ink. Also disclosed are a method of manufacturing a vehicle glazing and a vehicle comprising said vehicle glazing.

A transparent film heater is provided, including a transparent conductive film, at least two main electrodes and at least four multiple electrodes. The transparent conductive film is disposed on a transparent substrate. At least two main electrodes are arranged on two sides of the transparent conductive film along an edge of the transparent conductive film. The at least four multiple electrodes are composed of a first pair of multiple electrodes and a second pair of multiple electrodes, and are arranged on the transparent conductive film. A first spacing region and a second spacing region are respectively located between adjacent end points of the two main electrodes along the edge of the transparent conductive film. The first pair of multiple electrodes are arranged in the first spacing region, and the second pair of multiple electrodes are arranged in the second spacing region.

A ceramic heater is provided in an electronic component, and by supplying electrical current thereto, a heat generating portion thereof is heated to a temperature of greater than or equal to 700[° C.] and less than 950[° C.]. An energizing current waveform of the electrical current to the heat generating portion is a pulse waveform, and a product of a pulse voltage Vp [V] and a period T [ms] of the pulse waveform is less than or equal to 600 [V.Math.ms].

Structures (2, 2A to 2P) according to the present disclosure have respective bases (10, 10A), electrode layers, and terminals. The bases (10, 10A) are made of a ceramic. The electrode layers (111, 111C, 111D, 111F, 111M, 111N, 111O) are located inside the respective bases (10, 10A). The terminals (41, 41G, 41H, 41I, 41J, 41K, 41L) are electrically connected to the respective electrode layers (111, 111C, 111D, 111F, 111M, 111N, 111O) at respective tip portions of the terminals. Further, the terminals (41, 41G, 41H, 41I, 41J, 41K, 41L) are in contact with the respective electrode layers (111, 111C, 111D, 111F, 111M, 111N, 111O) at respective tip surfaces and side surfaces of the terminals.

A heating unit includes a heater, a temperature sensor, an endless belt, a holder, a first heat conductive member, and a second heat conductive member. The first heat conductive member includes a first heater-side surface facing the heater, a first opposite surface, and an opening. The first heat conductive member has a heat conductivity higher than that of the substrate. The second heat conductive member includes a second heater-side surface facing the heater and a second opposite surface. The second heat conductive member is positioned at a position corresponding to the opening when viewed in an orthogonal direction orthogonal to the first opposite surface. The temperature sensor is in contact with the second opposite surface of the second heat conductive member.

Disclosed is a heating device, including a substrate, a metal oxide layer formed on the substrate, hyper heat accelerator dots having a spherical shape formed on the metal oxide layer and arranged in a lattice form, and a conductive adhesive layer formed on the metal oxide layer and the hyper heat accelerator dots, wherein the lower portions of the hyper heat accelerator dots having a spherical shape are included in the metal oxide layer and the upper portions thereof are included in the conductive adhesive layer.

A MEMS hotplate is used as a test substrate for characterizing a temperature-dependent fabrication process. According to a variant, an array of MEMS hotplates is used to provide multiple test substrates which can be simultaneously heated to different temperatures to provide multiple different temperature-dependent characterizations of the process.