A polymer positive temperature coefficient (PPTC) material may include a polymer matrix, the polymer matrix defining a PPTC body; and a graphene filler component, disposed in the polymer matrix, wherein the graphene filler component comprises a plurality of graphene particles aligned along a predetermined plane of the PPTC body.

A carbon nano tube (CNT) conduit heater system includes a CNT sheet having a first surface and a second surface. A first busbar is electrically coupled to the CNT sheet. A second busbar is electrically coupled to the CNT sheet. The second busbar is arranged substantially parallel to the first busbar. A first protective layer is disposed on the first surface and a second protective layer is disposed on the second surface, wherein the second protective layer is joined to the first protective layer encapsulating the CNT sheet the first busbar and the second busbar forming a heater assembly having a first side and a second side.

An aerosol-generating system including a liquid storage portion is provided, the portion including a rigid housing holding a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, the housing having an opening and a fluid permeable heater assembly including a plurality of electrically conductive filaments, wherein the fluid permeable heater assembly is fixed to the housing and extends across the opening of the housing. The provided heater assembly that extends across an opening of a liquid storage portion allows for a robust construction that is relatively simple to manufacture and allows for a large contact area between the heater assembly and liquid aerosol-forming substrate. The heater assembly may be substantially flat, allowing for simple manufacture.

A cartridge for an aerosol-generating system is provided, including a liquid storage portion including a housing containing a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, the housing having an open end; and a heater assembly including: an electrical heating element configured to heat the substrate to form an aerosol, the heating element including a planar filament arrangement having one or more electrically conductive filaments, an electrically insulating substrate having a planar attachment face, the filament arrangement disposed on the planar attachment face, and clamping elements mechanically fixing the filament arrangement to the electrically insulating substrate and applying a pulling force onto the filament arrangement, at least a portion of the heater assembly being fluid-permeable, and the heater assembly being arranged over the open end of the housing.

A vehicle seat system is provided that includes heating, cooling, and occupant sensing functionality in a single unit. The system includes carbon nanotube (CNT) elements disposed adjacent the seat surface. The CNT elements may be woven or stitched to a vehicle seat cover, or may be disposed in a mat that is placed between a seat cushion and the seat cover. The CNT elements may be used for heating, cooling, and occupant sensing, without requiring separate units or circuits. The system may include Peltier elements attached to the CNT elements, with the Peltier elements transferring heat between the CNT elements and a heat bank. The heat bank may be in the form of a heat sink, or the heat bank may be the seat rails of the vehicle seat, with the Peltier elements attached to the seat rails.

Provided is a supporting unit supporting a substrate. The supporting unit may include: a plate; heating elements provided to the plate and controlling a temperature of a substrate, wherein the heating elements are arranged to control temperatures of different areas of the substrate; and a power supply module supplying power to the heating element, and the power supply module may be configured to continuously supply the power to at least two heating elements of the heating elements.

An electric heating apparatus for deicing, a method for manufacturing the electric heating apparatus for deicing, a blade and a wind turbine including the same. The electric heating apparatus for deicing includes: a heat generating module, including a heat generating element and a bus bar for conducting electricity to the heat generating element, where the bus bar includes a lead-out portion for connecting an external power source; a thermally conductive encapsulating layer, which is insulated and is to cover the heat generating module except the lead-out portion; and a first substrate and a second substrate, respectively arranged below and above the thermally conductive encapsulating layer, so that the heat generating module and the thermally conductive encapsulating layer are arranged between the first substrate and the second substrate.

A carbon allotrope element includes a carbon allotrope layer formed from a carbon allotrope material impregnated with a dielectric resin and having a first surface. The carbon allotrope element further includes a first bus bar in communication with the first surface, and a second bus bar in communication with the first surface and non-adjacent to the first bus bar. The first surface includes a layer of the dielectric resin and a plurality of abraded regions, and each of the first and second bus bars is in communication with one of the plurality of abraded regions of the first surface.

A multilayer heating structure for controlling ice accumulation on a surface of an aircraft includes a carbon nano-tube (CNT) heater. The heater includes: a CNT layer; a first encapsulation layer disposed on a first side of the CNT layer formed of a first encapsulation layer thermoplastic material; and a second encapsulation layer disposed on a second side of the CNT layer formed of a second encapsulation layer thermoplastic material.

A system for heating an aircraft surface having a thermally disadvantaged zone includes a carbon nano-tube (CNT) sheet heating element having a power inlet configured to receive power from an external electrical power source and provide it to the CNT sheet heating element that extends across the thermally disadvantaged zone. The CNT sheet heating element is configured and arranged such upon application of power from the external electrical power source to the CNT sheet heating element, the CNT sheet heating element produces a first heat output in a first zone and a second heat output in the thermally disadvantaged zone with the second heat output being greater than the first heat output.