A heat exchanger has a fluid flow passage having an inlet and an outlet, and with a first plate and a second plate in opposed facing relation to one another. The fluid flow passage is defined by a space between the inner surfaces of the first and second plates. An electrical heating element is outside the fluid flow passage and adjacent to the outer surface of the first plate, such that heat produced by the electrical heating element is transferred through the first plate to the fluid in the fluid flow passage during use of the heat exchanger. In an embodiment, the first plate has an opening to receive a heater plate component including a first plate portion having an inner surface bonded to a turbulence-enhancing insert and an outer surface bonded to the electrical heating element.

A refrigerator is provided. The refrigerator includes: a body having a storage compartment; a door pivotally coupled to the body to open and close the storage compartment; a planar heater including first heating wires arranged to surround an edge of the door and second heating wires arranged on only one portion of the edge; a sensor configured to measure at least one of temperature and humidity outside the refrigerator; and a processor configured to control driving of at least one of the first heating wires and the second heating wires based on a measured value of the sensor.

Disclosed is a heater comprising a metal substrate, a dielectric layer arranged the substrate, and resistive tracks arranged on the dielectric layer, wherein the resistive tracks comprise at least 60% iron, and at least 10% chromium. Also disclosed is a method for manufacturing such a heater.

The present disclosure generally relates to a system for heating a bulk medium includes two or more electrodes spaced apart from one another and coupled to the bulk medium; and a power control system coupled to the electrodes, the power control system configured to heat the bulk medium by shaping a density of the current along a current path between the electrodes, thereby, producing an effective resistance along the current path in the bulk medium that is greater than the resistance of the bulk medium to a DC current, in which the power control system shapes the density of the current within a depth of the bulk medium by tuning a skin-depth of the current, and in which the power control system shapes the density of the current in a direction across the current path by the power control system by tuning a proximity effect of the current.

A conductive ink may comprise a high temperature thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and a plurality of conductive particles disposed in the high temperature TPU. The plurality of conductive particles may comprise between 60% and 95% of the conductive ink by weight. The high temperature TPU may include a melting point between 120 C. and 200 C. The conductive ink may be used for external heated composite structures, such as rotor blades, fixed wings, faring, engine lip electrothermal ice protection, or the like. The conductive ink may have enhanced mechanical fatigue resistance.

A multilayer structure for deicing an aircraft airfoil component includes an electrically and thermally insulating bottom layer formed in a defined pattern directly on the aircraft airfoil component, an electrothermal middle layer of electrically resistant heater element arrays formed in the defined pattern on the electrically and thermally insulating bottom layer, and a thermally conductive and electrically insulating top layer encapsulating the electrically and thermally insulating bottom layer and the electrothermal middle layer of electrically resistant heater element arrays. The multilayer structure may be directly applied to the airfoil component by direct writing/additive manufacturing, and may be done with the assistance of a multi-axis robot.

The present disclosure provides a dual cooling water heater including a main body on which a substrate is seated, a flow path forming part connected to the main body and having first and second flow paths provided on one surface thereof, a first heating element disposed on the other surface of the flow path forming part and configured to heat the first flow path, a second heating element disposed on the other surface of the flow path forming part and configured to heat the second flow path, and a control unit configured to control a temperature and a flow rate of cooling water moving through the first flow path and a temperature and a flow rate of cooling water moving through the second flow path by controlling a temperature of the first heating element and a temperature of the second heating element.

The present invention relates to a heating plate particularly suitable for devices for heating a thermal fluid. The heat generated in this device is conveyed to other locations through the thermal fluid, where the heat is given off, for example, through a heat exchanger configured as a radiator. The heating plate is characterized by an electronics-free safety solution intended to automatically cause the generation of heat to cease when temperatures above a preestablished safety temperature are reached.

A carbon allotrope heating element includes an electrical resistivity between 0.005 ohms per square (/sq) and 3.0 /sq. A heating system includes a component and a carbon allotrope heating element having an electrical resistivity between 0.005 /sq and 3.0 /sq. A method includes modifying a carbon allotrope heating element to have an electrical resistivity between 0.005 /sq and 3.0 /sq and applying the carbon allotrope heating element to a component of an aircraft.

A heating device for an electric vehicle, according to an embodiment of the present invention, comprises: a water pump which is for circulating supplied water; a heating resistor which has one or more surface type heating elements formed by means of a heating paste composition and is for heating the circulated water; a water temperature sensor which is for measuring the temperature of the hot water heated by means of the heating resistor; and a control unit which is for adjusting the heating resistor such that the measured temperature measured by means of the water temperature sensor satisfies a set temperature value, wherein the heating paste composition comprises, on the basis of 100 parts by weight of the total heating paste composition, 36 wt % of carbon nanotube particles, 0.530 wt % of carbon nanoparticles, 1030 wt % of a mixed binder, 2983 wt % of an organic solvent, and 0.55 wt % of a dispersant, wherein the mixed binder has epoxy acrylate, polyvinyl acetal and phenolic resin mixed therein or has hexamethylene diisocyanate, polyvinyl acetal and phenolic resin mixed therein.