A PTC heating element comprises at least one PTC element and two conductor paths which are assigned to different polarities and which are electrically conductively connected to the PTC element and are provided with connection elements for the electrical connection of the PTC element. The PTC heating element has improved heat discharge due to the provision of an electromagnetic shielding which is formed from a fluid-permeable metal structure and which surrounds the PTC element and the conductor paths.

A laminar heater with an electrically conductive laminar heating element having a pair of electrically conductive busbars disposed adjacent opposite ends of the heating element and at least a first area having a plurality of perforations with a generally polygonal geometry. Embodiments include those with Y-shaped perforations, including some with one prong diverging into a bulbous, optionally diamond-shaped, end, and those defined by an array of generally diamond shaped perforations intermeshed with an array of circular shaped perforations. Processes of manufacture and installation, heating systems including such heaters, and multi-ply embodiments having non-metal plies and an outer metal surface layer, are also disclosed.

A heat radiation device includes a heat source, a meta-material structure layer arranged on a front surface side of the heat source and configured to radiate radiant energy in a specific wavelength range by converting heat energy inputted from the heat source into the radiant energy in the specific wavelength range, and a rear-surface metal layer arranged on a rear surface side of the heat source. An average emissivity of the rear-surface metal layer is smaller than an average emissivity of the meta-material structure layer.

A heat radiation device includes a heat source, a meta-material structure layer arranged on a front surface side of the heat source and configured to radiate radiant energy in a specific wavelength range by converting heat energy inputted from the heat source into the radiant energy in the specific wavelength range, and a rear-surface metal layer arranged on a rear surface side of the heat source. An average emissivity of the rear-surface metal layer is smaller than an average emissivity of the meta-material structure layer.

A heat exchanger includes a temperature sensor for a vehicle heating device, a heat input surface, an electrical heating element arranged on the heat input surface, and a heat output surface. The temperature sensor is arranged in a depression on the heat output surface.

A heat exchanger includes a temperature sensor for a vehicle heating device, a heat input surface, an electrical heating element arranged on the heat input surface, and a heat output surface. The temperature sensor is arranged in a depression on the heat output surface.

An electric heating device, in particular for a motor vehicle, includes a housing which has an inlet and outlet opening for a medium to be heated and which encloses a layered structure. The layered stricture comprises at least one PTC element which is electrically conductively connected to conducting elements leading to connections of different polarity, and heat-emitting elements that are conductively connected on both sides to the PTC element. In order to provide improved heat dissipation, the heat-emitting elements include a panel element that is provided with perforations and that is made of a heat-conducting material.

The invention is a heating panel (10) for treating wood material (22), comprising two boundary members (12) arranged parallel to each other, and a heating wire (14) arranged between the boundary members (12).

The heating panel (10) is characterised in that the heating panel (10) further comprises a solidified wood treatment composition (16) arranged between the boundary members (12) and surrounding the heating wire (14), and the boundary members (12) are configured to allow the solidified wood treatment composition (16) to contact the wood material (22) to be treated.

The invention is furthermore a treatment apparatus (20), and a method for treating wood material (22).

A PTC heating element includes at least one PTC element provided between strip conductors. To reduce the air gap and creep distance between the two strip conductors an insulating mass seals at least one of the strip conductors and/or the PTC element over the whole circumference. In the electric heating device according to the invention, such a PTC heating element lies in an electrically conducting manner against heat-emitting surfaces of the heating device. According to the method of the invention for producing an electric heating device, the strip conductors are glued to the PTC element for producing a PTC heating cell. The PTC heating cell is then sealed between two electrical insulation layers by an insulating mass which is applied circumferentially around at least one of the strip conductors and/or the PTC element.

A PTC heating element includes at least one PTC element provided between strip conductors. To reduce the air gap and creep distance between the two strip conductors an insulating mass seals at least one of the strip conductors and/or the PTC element over the whole circumference. In the electric heating device according to the invention, such a PTC heating element lies in an electrically conducting manner against heat-emitting surfaces of the heating device. According to the method of the invention for producing an electric heating device, the strip conductors are glued to the PTC element for producing a PTC heating cell. The PTC heating cell is then sealed between two electrical insulation layers by an insulating mass which is applied circumferentially around at least one of the strip conductors and/or the PTC element.