A light-emitting layer (3) in a light-emitting element includes: a quantum dot (31); a plurality of first ligands (32) each including a first functional group (34) and a positively charged portion (35); a plurality of second ligands (33) each including a second functional group (41) and a negatively charged portion (42); and an ionic liquid (34) in which the quantum dot (31) is dispersed.

There is a polymeric photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) with inverted structure having an anode; an anodic buffer layer; an active layer having at least one photoactive organic polymer as electron-donor and at least one electron-accepting organic compound; a cathodic buffer layer; and a cathode. The at least one photoactive organic polymer is selected from conjugated polymers comprising an anthraditiophenic derivative having a general formula (I):

##STR00001##

The polymeric photovoltaic cell (or solar cell) with inverted structure shows good values of power conversion efficiency (PCE) (η) and can be advantageously used in the construction of photovoltaic modules (or solar modules), either on a rigid support or on a flexible support.

A light emitting device including a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, an emission layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the emission layer includes a plurality of quantum dots and metal carboxylate having at least one hydrocarbon group of at least one carbon atoms, and the plurality of quantum dots includes a first organic ligand, and does not include cadmium and lead, and a method of manufacturing the same.

The present disclosure provides a boron heterocyclic compound having a structure represented by a chemical formula 1, wherein L.sub.1 and L.sub.2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C6-C30 aryl, C6-C30 fused aryl, C4-C30 heteroaryl, and C4-C30 fused heteroaryl; and R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of carbazolyl, a carbazolyl-derived group, acridinyl, an acridinyl-derived group, diarylamino, and a diarylamino-derived group. The double boron heterocyclic structure functions as an electron acceptor and a linker. In the present disclosure, by attaching a group having a large steric hindrance to the boron atom of the boron heterocyclic ring, the molecules the compound are prevented from aggregating, and thus a π-aggregation or excimer formed by direct accumulation of the conjugate plane is avoided, thereby improving the light-emitting efficiency. The present disclosure further provides a display panel and a display apparatus. ##STR00001##

The present invention discloses a light-emitting electrochemical cell, which includes a first electrode, a light-emitting layer, and a second electrode which are stacked, wherein the light-emitting layer includes a light-emitting material and an ion conductive polymer. The present invention also discloses an electroluminescent display device, including a glass substrate, a thin film transistor, a light-emitting electrochemical cell, a protective layer, and a polarizer. Embodiments of the present application provide a light-emitting electrochemical cell and an electroluminescence display device, wherein the electro-luminescence display device is construed by providing a simple structure and manufacturing process to the light-emitting electrochemical cell, and therefore the manufacturing cost is reduced, and the production efficiency is improved.

The present invention relates to a light emitting device including a light emitting layer having a stacked structure of two or more layers in which the light emitting layer is alternately disposed with a first light emitting material layer and a second light emitting material layer. In addition, the light-emitting material layer is a perovskite layer or an organic material layer, the first light-emitting material layer and the second light-emitting material layer are characterized in that they have different band gaps. By alternately disposing the first light emitting material layer and the second light emitting material layer to have a stacked structure and by controlling the energy level, there is an advantage in that the electroluminescence efficiency can be improved by controlling the electron-hole recombination region of the light emitting device. In addition, there is an advantage that a white light emitting device can be manufactured by controlling the energy levels of the first light emitting material layer and the second light emitting material layer.

Photovoltaic devices, and methods of fabricating photovoltaic devices. The photovoltaic devices may include a first electrode, at least one quantum dot layer, at least one semiconductor layer, and a second electrode. The first electrode may include a layer including Cr and one or more silver contacts.

Disclosed herein are methods of annealing a perovskite layer, comprising irradiating the perovskite layer with a light source, wherein the light source is a UV light emitting diode or array of UV-LEDs for rapid and large-area exposure without scanning over the perovskite film, wherein the light source emits radiation consisting essentially of wavelengths within 50 nm of the wavelength of maximum absorbance (λ.sub.max) of the perovskite layer, thereby annealing the perovskite layer. Also disclosed herein are semiconducting devices and articles of manufacture comprising an annealed perovskite layer made by any of the methods described herein, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, thin-film transistors, laser diodes, and combinations thereof.

A polymer and a light-emitting device employing the same are provided. The polymer includes a first repeat unit with a structure represented by Formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein the definitions of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, and Z.sup.1 and n are as defined in the specification. At least one of A.sup.1, A.sup.2, and A.sup.3 is not hydrogen.

Provided in one embodiment of the present invention is a solar cell upper electrode which is positioned on a photoactive layer and which includes a conductive polymer layer, wherein ionic liquid comes in contact with the surface of the conductive polymer layer so as to the post-treated, and, due to the post-treatment, an ion-exchange reaction occurs only in the upper area of the conductive upper electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention is not gelated so as to improve electrode performance, and does not oxidize a photoactive layer positioned under the electrode so as to be usable as an upper electrode, and thus can improve the performance of a solar cell to which the electrode is applied.