Active emissive layers (e.g., of a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC)) are provided and can comprise zero-dimensional (0D) perovskite material in combination with a three-dimensional (3D) perovskite material, as well as electroluminescent devices (e.g., LECs) utilizing such active emissive layers and methods of fabricating and using such active emissive layers and electroluminescent devices. The 0D perovskite material can be incorporated into a matrix film of the 3D perovskite material. The 0D perovskite material can be, for example, perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). The 0D perovskite material can be, for example, Cs.sub.4PbBr.sub.6, and the 3D perovskite material can be, for example, CsPbBr.sub.3.

Disclosed are a diode element, a sensor including the same, and an electronic device. The diode element includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an active layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the active layer includes a quantum dot having an energy bandgap of about 0.1 eV to about 1.5 eV and an organic semiconductor having a wider energy bandgap than the quantum dot, and a difference between a HOMO energy level of the quantum dot and a HOMO energy level of the organic semiconductor is less than 1.0 eV.

Systems and methods for perovskite single crystal growth include using a low temperature solution process that employs a temperature gradient in a perovskite solution in a container, also including at least one small perovskite single crystal, and a substrate in the solution upon which substrate a perovskite crystal nucleates and grows, in part due to the temperature gradient in the solution and in part due to a temperature gradient in the substrate. For example, a top portion of the substrate external to the solution may be cooled.

The present invention provides a light-transmitting electrode which has high electrical conductivity and high electron blocking performance. The present invention also provides a solar cell which is capable of achieving high energy conversion efficiency at low cost. The present invention provides a method for producing a light-transmitting electrode that has a light-transmitting substrate, a carbon nanotube film which is formed directly or indirectly on the light-transmitting substrate, and a metal oxide film which is formed directly on the carbon nanotube film. This production method includes vapor depositing the metal oxide film, which contains oxygen and a metal element belonging to the group 4, 5 or 6 of the periodic table, on one surface or both surfaces of the carbon nanotube film. The present invention provides a light-transmitting electrode which includes a light-transmitting substrate and a conductive carbon nanotube film that is formed directly or indirectly on the light-transmitting substrate.

The present invention relates to an electronic device comprising anode, cathode and at least one organic layer which comprises a compound of the formula (I) to (IV). The invention furthermore encompasses the use of compounds of the formula (I) to (IV) in an electronic device and to a compound of the formula (Ic) to (IVc).

There is provided p-type organic polymers of general formula I. The polymers may be useful as semi-conducting material. Thus, thin films and devices comprising such polymers are also provided.

A solid state light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode coupled to a first charge injecting layer; a second electrode coupled to a second charge injecting layer; an emissive layer comprising a perovskite material, wherein the emissive layer is provided between the first and second charge injecting layers; and wherein the bandgaps of the first and second charge injecting layers are larger than the bandgap of the emissive perovskite layer.

A conductive coating composition includes 0.1 to 10 parts by weight of a conductive polymer, 5 to 30 parts by weight of polysilazane, and 30 to 60 parts by weight of a solvent.

The present invention relates to hyperbranched polymers, to a process for the preparation thereof, and to the starting compounds necessary for the preparation. The present invention furthermore relates to the use of the hyperbranched polymers according to the invention in electronic devices and to the electronic devices themselves.

A method for making a layered perovskite structure comprises: a) performing a vapor assisted surface treatment (VAST) of a substrate with a surface passivating agent; b) applying a layer of PbI.sub.2 to the passivating agent; c) exposing the PbI.sub.2 to methylammonium iodide (CH.sub.3NH.sub.3I) in an orthogonal solvent; and d) annealing the structure. A PEDOT:PSS coated ITO glass substrate may be used. The surface passivation agent may be one a chalcogenide-containing species with the general chemical formula (E.sub.3E.sub.4)N(E.sub.1E.sub.2)N′C═X where any one of E.sub.1, E.sub.2, E.sub.3 and E.sub.4 is independently selected from C1-C15 organic substituents comprising from 0 to 15 heteroatoms or hydrogen, and X is S, Se or Te, thiourea, thioacetamide, selenoacetamide, selenourea, H.sub.2S, H.sub.2Se, H.sub.2Te or LXH wherein L is a C.sub.n organic substituent comprising heteroatoms and X═S, Se, or Te. The passivating agent may be applied by spin-coating, inkjet-printing, slot-die-coating, aerosol-jet printing, PVD, CVD, and electrochemical deposition.