The present disclosure generally relates to a method for electroplating (or electrodeposition) a transition metal oxide composition that may be used in gas sensors, biological cell sensors, supercapacitors, catalysts for fuel cells and metal air batteries, nano and optoelectronic devices, filtration devices, structural components, and energy storage devices. The method includes electrodepositing the electrochemically active transition metal oxide composition onto a working electrode in an electrodeposition bath containing a molten salt electrolyte and a transition metal ion source. The electrode structure can be used for various applications such as electrochemical energy storage devices including high power and high-energy primary or secondary batteries.

The present disclosure generally relates to a method for electroplating (or electrodeposition) a transition metal oxide composition that may be used in gas sensors, biological cell sensors, supercapacitors, catalysts for fuel cells and metal air batteries, nano and optoelectronic devices, filtration devices, structural components, and energy storage devices. The method includes electrodepositing the electrochemically active transition metal oxide composition onto a working electrode in an electrodeposition bath containing a molten salt electrolyte and a transition metal ion source. The electrode structure can be used for various applications such as electrochemical energy storage devices including high power and high-energy primary or secondary batteries.

A method for electroplating (or electrodeposition) a lithiated transition metal oxide composition using low purity starting precursors. The method includes electrodepositing the electrochemically active material onto an electrode in an electrodeposition bath containing a non-aqueous electrolyte. The lithiated metal oxide can be used for various applications such as electrochemical energy storage devices including high power and high-energy lithium-ion batteries.

Provided are a separator for a secondary battery and an electrochemical device using the same. More particularly, a composite separator which has a lower Gurley permeability after curing than that before curing when forming a heat-resistant coating layer having low resistance, does not have a Gurley permeability which is greatly increased as compared with the Gurley permeability of a porous substrate itself before forming a coating layer to have an overall low Gurley permeability, and has a high surface hardness to have penetration stability, is provided.

In a method for regenerating a lithium precursor, a lithium-containing waste mixture is put into a reactor. An inside of the reactor is replaced with carbon dioxide. Temperature raising treatment is performed on the lithium-containing waste mixture and the carbon dioxide to produce lithium carbonate and a transition metal-containing mixture. The lithium precursor may be recovered with high yield and high efficiency through dry treatment using carbon dioxide.

Process for the fabrication of an electrode structure comprising an electrochemically active material suitable for use in an energy storage device. The method includes electrodepositing the electrochemically active material onto an electrode in electrodeposition bath containing a non-aqueous electrolyte. The electrode structure can be used for various applications such as electrochemical energy storage devices including high power and high-energy lithium-ion batteries.

A method for fabricating a reticulated lead electrode for a lead-acid battery, including: preparing a molten metal in a container; applying a DC voltage to the molten metal and the substrate; while the DC voltage is applied, placing a reticulated ceramic substrate in the molten metal; while the DC voltage is applied, withdrawing the substrate from the molten metal; and cooling the substrate. The method may be used to form reticulated electrodes for other types of batteries or capacitors. Also described is a method for making a reticulated ceramic substrate, including: adhering mineral fibers such as milled glass fibers on the surfaces of a reticulated PU substrate with an adhesive; coating the reticulated PU substrate with a ceramic slurry with the assistance ultrasonic waves; pre-baking the dried slurry at a low temperature to vaporizes the polymer substrate; and baking the substrate at sintering temperature of the ceramic slurry.

A method for electroplating (or electrodeposition) a lithiated transition metal oxide composition using low purity starting precursors. The method includes electrodepositing the electrochemically active material onto an electrode in an electrodeposition bath containing a non-aqueous electrolyte. The lithiated metal oxide can be used for various applications such as electrochemical energy storage devices including high power and high-energy lithium-ion batteries.

A method for forming a layered anode material includes contacting a precursor material and a first electrolyte. The precursor material is a layered ionic compound represented by MX.sub.2, where M is one of calcium and magnesium and X is one of silicon, germanium, and boron. The method further includes applying a first bias and/or current as the precursor material contacts the first electrolyte to remove cations from the precursor material to create a two-dimensional structure that defines the layered anode material. In certain variations, the method further includes contacting the two-dimensional structure and a second electrolyte and applying a second bias and/or current as the two-dimensional structure contacts the second electrolyte so as to cause lithium ions to move into interlayer spaces or voids created in the two-dimensional structure by the removal of the cations thereby forming the layered anode material.

A method for fabricating a reticulated lead electrode for a lead-acid battery, including: preparing a molten metal in a container; applying a DC voltage to the molten metal and the substrate; while the DC voltage is applied, placing a reticulated ceramic substrate in the molten metal; while the DC voltage is applied, withdrawing the substrate from the molten metal; and cooling the substrate. The method may be used to form reticulated electrodes for other types of batteries or capacitors. Also described is a method for making a reticulated ceramic substrate, including: adhering mineral fibers such as milled glass fibers on the surfaces of a reticulated PU substrate with an adhesive; coating the reticulated PU substrate with a ceramic slurry with the assistance ultrasonic waves; pre-baking the dried slurry at a low temperature to vaporizes the polymer substrate; and baking the substrate at sintering temperature of the ceramic slurry.