In an embodiment, a secondary ZnMnO.sub.2 battery comprises a battery housing, a MnO.sub.2 cathode, a Zn anode, and an electrolyte solution. The MnO.sub.2 cathode, the Zn anode, and the electrolyte solution are disposed within the battery housing, and the MnO.sub.2 cathode comprises a MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture and a current collector. The MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture is in electrical contact with at least a portion of an outer surface of the current collector, and the MnO.sub.2 cathode has a porosity of from about 5 vol. % to about 90 vol. %, based on the total volume of the MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture of the MnO.sub.2 cathode.

In an embodiment, a secondary ZnMnO.sub.2 battery comprises a battery housing, a MnO.sub.2 cathode, a Zn anode, and an electrolyte solution. The MnO.sub.2 cathode, the Zn anode, and the electrolyte solution are disposed within the battery housing, and the MnO.sub.2 cathode comprises a MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture and a current collector. The MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture is in electrical contact with at least a portion of an outer surface of the current collector, and the MnO.sub.2 cathode has a porosity of from about 5 vol. % to about 90 vol. %, based on the total volume of the MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture of the MnO.sub.2 cathode.

The invention relates to a reversible manganese dioxide electrode, comprising an electrically conductive carrier material having a nickel surface, a nickel layer made of spherical nickel particles adhering to each other and having an inner pore structure applied to the carrier material, and a manganese dioxide layer applied to the nickel particles, wherein the manganese dioxide layer is also present in the inner pore structure of the nickel particle.

The invention also relates to a method for producing such a manganese dioxide electrode, the use thereof in rechargeable alkaline-manganese batteries, and a rechargeable alkaline-manganese battery containing a manganese dioxide electrode according to the invention.

The invention relates to a reversible manganese dioxide electrode, comprising an electrically conductive carrier material having a nickel surface, a nickel layer made of spherical nickel particles adhering to each other and having an inner pore structure applied to the carrier material, and a manganese dioxide layer applied to the nickel particles, wherein the manganese dioxide layer is also present in the inner pore structure of the nickel particle.

The invention also relates to a method for producing such a manganese dioxide electrode, the use thereof in rechargeable alkaline-manganese batteries, and a rechargeable alkaline-manganese battery containing a manganese dioxide electrode according to the invention.

The present disclosure is an electrical power generating and storage unit configured to generate electricity using magnetic forces and gravitational forces. The power generator can be scaled for various applications, including mobile and stationary power production. One example of the power generator includes nano-coated coils placed along the walls of a cylindrical housing around a centrally placed sphere containing a gel compound. The gel compound is produced by an electrochemical reaction between metals and a salt contained in a supersolution.

Electrodes, production methods and mono-cell batteries are provided, which comprise active material particles embedded in electrically conductive metallic porous structure, dry-etched anode structures and battery structures with thick anodes and cathodes that have spatially uniform resistance. The metallic porous structure provides electric conductivity, a large volume that supports good ionic conductivity, that in turn reduces directional elongation of the particles during operation, and may enable reduction or removal of binders, conductive additives and/or current collectors to yield electrodes with higher structural stability, lower resistance, possibly higher energy density and longer cycling lifetime. Dry etching treatments may be used to reduce oxidized surfaces of the active material particles, thereby simplifying production methods and enhancing porosity and ionic conductivity of the electrodes. Electrodes may be made thick and used to form mono-cell batteries which are simple to produce and yield high performance.

Electrodes, production methods and mono-cell batteries are provided, which comprise active material particles embedded in electrically conductive metallic porous structure, dry-etched anode structures and battery structures with thick anodes and cathodes that have spatially uniform resistance. The metallic porous structure provides electric conductivity, a large volume that supports good ionic conductivity, that in turn reduces directional elongation of the particles during operation, and may enable reduction or removal of binders, conductive additives and/or current collectors to yield electrodes with higher structural stability, lower resistance, possibly higher energy density and longer cycling lifetime. Dry etching treatments may be used to reduce oxidized surfaces of the active material particles, thereby simplifying production methods and enhancing porosity and ionic conductivity of the electrodes. Electrodes may be made thick and used to form mono-cell batteries which are simple to produce and yield high performance.

This invention provides an electrochemical system for manufacturing methanol from methane in good yields and without admixtures of methanol oxidation products. A fuel cell for methane or methanol utilization is also provided.

In an embodiment, a secondary ZnMnO.sub.2 battery comprises a battery housing, a MnO.sub.2 cathode, a Zn anode, and an electrolyte solution. The MnO.sub.2 cathode, the Zn anode, and the electrolyte solution are disposed within the battery housing, and the MnO.sub.2 cathode comprises a MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture and a current collector. The MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture is in electrical contact with at least a portion of an outer surface of the current collector, and the MnO.sub.2 cathode has a porosity of from about 5 vol. % to about 90 vol. %, based on the total volume of the MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture of the MnO.sub.2 cathode.

In an embodiment, a secondary ZnMnO.sub.2 battery comprises a battery housing, a MnO.sub.2 cathode, a Zn anode, and an electrolyte solution. The MnO.sub.2 cathode, the Zn anode, and the electrolyte solution are disposed within the battery housing, and the MnO.sub.2 cathode comprises a MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture and a current collector. The MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture is in electrical contact with at least a portion of an outer surface of the current collector, and the MnO.sub.2 cathode has a porosity of from about 5 vol. % to about 90 vol. %, based on the total volume of the MnO.sub.2 cathode mixture of the MnO.sub.2 cathode.