A secondary battery and a method for making the same are disclosed. The secondary battery includes a battery negative electrode, an electrolyte liquid, a diaphragm and a battery positive electrode. The battery negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector, which also acts as a negative electrode active material. The electrolyte liquid includes an electrolyte and a solvent, the electrolyte being a lithium salt. The battery positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer, which includes a positive electrode active material capable of reversibly de-intercalating lithium ions.

Disclosed herein is a lithium ion battery which operates stably at high temperatures. The battery disclosed herein has a chemical composition amenable to long-term operation at elevated temperatures and employs a lithium-based cathode, a silicon-based anode, and a piperidinium-based electrolyte solution.

According to one embodiment, an electrode group is provided. The electrode group includes a positive electrode that includes a lithium composite oxide LiM.sub.xMn.sub.2-xO.sub.4 (0<x≤0.5, M is at least one selected from a group consisting of Ni, Cr, Fe, Cu, Co, Mg, and Mo) as a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode that includes a negative electrode active material, a composite electrolyte layer that includes at least one of a solid electrolyte and an inorganic compound containing alumina, and a separator. The composite electrolyte layer and the separator are arranged between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. A density of the composite electrolyte layer is in the range of 1.0 g/cc and 2.2 g/cc.

Systems and methods to upgrade a feedstock include a metal/oxygen electrochemical cell having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte in which the cell is configured to produce superoxide. The superoxide can react or complex with a feedstock to upgrade the feedstock.

The non-aqueous electrolyte battery is excellent in high-temperature storage characteristics and load characteristics at low temperature. A non-aqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. The negative electrode includes a lithium layer, a lithium-aluminum alloy layer formed on a surface of the lithium layer, and a carbon layer on the lithium-aluminum alloy layer. The non-aqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention can be manufactured by a method for manufacturing a non-aqueous electrolyte battery that includes providing an aluminum layer on the surface of the lithium layer to obtain a laminate, forming the carbon layer on a surface of the aluminum layer to obtain a laminate for a negative electrode, and causing the lithium layer and the aluminum layer of the laminate for a negative electrode to react with each other to form the lithium-aluminum alloy layer.

Provided is a lithium secondary battery including: an aluminum anode configured to occlude and release lithium ions: a cathode configured to occlude and release lithium ions; and an electrolyte, in which the aluminum anode is formed of an aluminum-containing metal, the cathode has a cathode active material, and the cathode active material contains a metal oxide containing nickel.

Provided is a laminate for a lithium secondary battery including: a metal anode configured to occlude and release lithium ions; a cathode configured to occlude and release lithium ions; and an electrolyte, in which the metal anode is formed of an aluminum-containing metal, the metal anode has a plate shape, and a surface of flat surfaces of the metal anode facing the cathode has a ceramic separator or a solid electrolyte layer.

A thermoelectric device includes a tubular electrode filled with an electrolyte, a core rod electrode inserted in the tubular electrode and in contact with the electrolyte, and at least one plug configured to separate the tubular electrode from the core rod electrode and to cover a filling opening of the tubular electrode. The plug is located between the tubular electrode and the core rod electrode. When the tubular electrode and the core rod electrode have a temperature difference, thermal energy can be directly converted into electric energy by the redox reaction of the electrolyte, and the tubular electrode and the core rod electrode can generate electromotive force. In particular, the thermoelectric device may use the structural design between the tubular electrode and the core rod electrode to provide a greater contact area with a heat source, and may be directly immersed in a heat source.

A battery includes an electrolyte and a positive electrode. The electrolyte is configured to produce active substance. The active substance in the battery is intercalated to a lattice structure of the positive electrode to generate power of the battery.

Disclosed is a method for activating a surface of metals, such as self-passivated metals, and of metal-oxide dissolution, effected using a fluoroanion-containing composition. Also disclosed is an electrochemical cell utilizing an aluminum-containing anode material and a fluoroanion-containing electrolyte, characterized by high efficiency, low corrosion, and optionally mechanical or electrochemical rechargeability. Also disclosed is a process for fusing (welding, soldering etc.) a self-passivated metal at relatively low temperature and ambient atmosphere, and a method for electrodepositing a metal on a self-passivated metal using metal-oxide source.