A storage element for a solid electrolyte battery is provided, having a main member of a porous ceramic matrix in which particles, that are made of a metal and/or a metal oxide and jointly form a redox couple, are embedded, the particles having a lamellar shape.

Provided herein are energy storage device cathodes with high capacity electrochemically active material including compounds that include iron, fluorine, sulfur, and optionally oxygen. Batteries with active materials including a compound of the formula FeF.sub.aS.sub.bO.sub.c exhibit high capacity, high specific energy, high average discharge voltage, and low hysteresis, even when discharged at high rates. Iron, fluorine, and sulfur-containing compounds may be ionically and electronically conductive.

There is provided a Co-based 5-V spinel-type lithium manganese-containing complex oxide not only having an operating potential of 4.5 V or higher but also being capable of extending its capacity region of a 5.5 to 5.5 V region and being capable of enhancing its energy density as well. There is proposed a spinel-type lithium cobalt manganese-containing complex oxide having a crystal structure classified as a space group Fd-3m and being represented by the general formula [Li.sub.x(Co.sub.yMn.sub.3−x−y)O.sub.4−δ] (wherein 0.90≦x≦1.15 and 0.75≦y≦1.25), wherein the oxide has a crystallite size measured by a Rietveld method using the fundamental method of 100 nm to 200 nm, an interatomic distance of Li—O of 1.80 Å to 2.00 Å, and a strain of 0.20 to 0.50.

Provided is an anode active material layer for a lithium battery. This layer comprises multiple particulates of an anode active material, wherein at least a particulate is composed of one or a plurality of particles of a high-capacity anode active material being encapsulated by a thin layer of elastomeric material that has a lithium ion conductivity no less than 10.sup.−7 S/cm (preferably no less than 10.sup.−5 S/cm) at room temperature and an encapsulating shell thickness from 1 nm to 10 μm, and wherein the high-capacity anode active material (e.g. Si, Ge, Sn, SnO.sub.2, Co.sub.3O.sub.4, etc.) has a specific capacity of lithium storage greater than 372 mAh/g (the theoretical lithium storage limit of graphite).

A storage medium and an inert material, either integrated into the storage medium or existing as a separate phase in the storage medium, form a storage structure. The inert material at least partially contains or is formed by a polymorphous inert material. The polymorphous inert material has at least one polymorphous phase transition in the range between ambient temperature and maximum operating temperature of the solid electrolyte battery. The polymorphous phase transition induces a distortion of the lattice structure of the inert material, thus causing a change in the specific volume and acting on the surrounding grains of the storage medium. A mechanical coupling of the stresses triggered by the phase transition of the inert material causes the neighboring grains of the storage medium to break apart, such that new reactive zones become available in the storage medium, thereby regenerating the solid electrolyte battery.

A secondary battery includes: a first oxide semiconductor having a first conductivity type; a first charging layer disposed on the first oxide semiconductor layer, and composed by including a first insulating material and a second oxide semiconductor having the first conductivity type; a second charging layer disposed on the first charging layer; a third oxide semiconductor layer having a second conductivity type disposed on the second charging layer; and a hydroxide layer disposed between the first charging layer and the third oxide semiconductor layer, and containing a hydroxide of a metal constituting the third oxide semiconductor layer. The highly reliable secondary battery is capable of improving an energy density and increasing battery characteristics (electricity accumulation capacity).

An electrochemical cell includes solid-state, printable anode layer, cathode layer and non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer coupled to the anode layer and cathode layer. The electrolyte layer provides physical separation between the anode layer and the cathode layer, and comprises a composition configured to provide ionic communication between the anode layer and cathode layer by facilitating transmission of multivalent ions between the anode layer and the cathode layer.

A battery cell having an anode or cathode comprising an acidified metal oxide (“AMO”) material, preferably in monodisperse nanoparticulate form 20 nm or less in size, having a pH<7 when suspended in a 5 wt % aqueous solution and a Hammett function H.sub.0>−12, at least on its surface.

The main object of the present invention is to provide an active material that has a favorable cycle property. The present invention achieves the object by providing an active material to be used for a fluoride ion battery comprising a crystal phase having a layered perovskite structure, and represented by A.sub.n+1B.sub.nO.sub.3n+1−αF.sub.x (A is composed of at least one of an alkaline earth metal element and a rare earth element; B is composed of at least one of Mn, Co, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, V, Ni, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Pd, W, Re, Bi, and Sb; “n” is 1 or 2; “α” satisfies 0≦α≦2; and “x” satisfies 0≦x≦2.2).

An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium ion secondary battery enabling improvement of output characteristics at the time of charge and discharge at low temperature and at room temperature. A lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention for achieving the above object includes a positive electrode plate (11) including a positive electrode mix layer, and a negative electrode plate (12) including a negative electrode mix layer (45). The negative electrode mix layer (45) contains a graphite-type material (42), metal oxide (44), and a conductive assistant (43). The conductive assistant (43) is a carbon material that does not dope or dedope lithium ions, and a mixing ratio of the conductive assistant (43) is 0.4 weight % or more and less than 1.2 weight % of weight of the negative electrode mix layer (45).