According to one or more embodiments presently described, a mixture of lead oxide and lead metal particles may be formed by a method that includes forming a molten metal lead material from a solid lead metal supply material, introducing the molten metal lead material into a reaction zone of a reactor, and contacting the molten metal lead material with an oxidizing gas in the reaction zone to oxidize a portion of the molten metal lead material and form at least solid lead oxide particles and solid lead metal particles. The molten metal lead material may be introduced to the reaction zone in a laminar flow or as atomized molten particles. The weight ratio of formed solid lead oxide particles to solid lead metal particles may be less than 99:1.

According to one or more embodiments presently described, a mixture of lead oxide and lead metal particles may be formed by a method that includes forming a molten metal lead material from a solid lead metal supply material, introducing the molten metal lead material into a reaction zone of a reactor, and contacting the molten metal lead material with an oxidizing gas in the reaction zone to oxidize a portion of the molten metal lead material and form at least solid lead oxide particles and solid lead metal particles. The molten metal lead material may be introduced to the reaction zone in a laminar flow or as atomized molten particles. The weight ratio of formed solid lead oxide particles to solid lead metal particles may be less than 99:1.

According to one or more embodiments presently described, metal-containing particles may be formed by a method including forming a molten material from a solid supply material, introducing the molten material into a reaction zone of a Barton reactor, and contacting the molten material with a processing gas in the reaction zone to form solid metal-containing particles comprising solid metallic particles and solid metal oxide particles. The Barton reactor may include a reaction vessel which may include a top cover and sidewalls defining the reaction zone, an agitator, a processing gas inlet, and a product outlet. The molten material may be introduced to the reaction zone in a laminar flow or as atomized molten particles. Less than 99% of the particles may include metal oxide.

According to one or more embodiments presently described, metal-containing particles may be made by a method that includes introducing a molten material into a reaction zone of a reactor system, passing a process gas into the reaction zone in a direction substantially tangential to a sidewall of the reaction zone, and contacting the process gas with the molten material in the reaction zone to form metal-containing particles. The molten material may be introduced into an upper portion of the reaction zone The reaction zone may include a substantially circular cross-section, and the molten metal may be introduced into the reaction zone in a laminar flow or as atomized particles.

According to one or more embodiments presently described, metal-containing particles may be made by a method that includes introducing a molten material into a reaction zone of a reactor system, passing a process gas into the reaction zone in a direction substantially tangential to a sidewall of the reaction zone, and contacting the process gas with the molten material in the reaction zone to form metal-containing particles. The molten material may be introduced into an upper portion of the reaction zone The reaction zone may include a substantially circular cross-section, and the molten metal may be introduced into the reaction zone in a laminar flow or as atomized particles.

According to one or more embodiments presently described, a method for processing metal-containing materials may include passing a feed stream through a first conduit of a multi-conduit reactor, the feed stream including metal-containing material in a molten phase; passing a fluid stream through a second conduit of the multi-conduit reactor; and contacting the feed stream with the fluid stream in a mixing zone downstream of the first conduit and second conduit, thereby causing a chemical or physical change in the one or more materials of the feed stream to form a product stream comprising metal-containing particles.

Herein provided is an electrochemical cell electrolyte formed from ingredients comprising: water, sulfuric acid, and at least one octylphenol ethoxylate of Formula 1: ##STR00001##
where n is a natural number from at least 1 to at most 16.

Herein provided is an electrochemical cell electrolyte formed from ingredients comprising: water, sulfuric acid, and at least one octylphenol ethoxylate of Formula 1: ##STR00001##
where n is a natural number from at least 1 to at most 16.

A fiber-containing mats for a lead acid batteries are described. The mats contain a plurality of polymer fibers having at least one additive incorporated into at least a portion of the polymer fibers. The one or more additives suppress hydrogen evolution in the lead acid battery, and have a standard boiling point of 160 C. or more. Also described are lead acid batteries that include an electrode having an electrode active material held in a fiber-containing gauntlet made from a mat or fabric of polymer fibers having at least one additive for improving battery performance incorporated into the polymer fibers.

A fiber-containing mats for a lead acid batteries are described. The mats contain a plurality of polymer fibers having at least one additive incorporated into at least a portion of the polymer fibers. The one or more additives suppress hydrogen evolution in the lead acid battery, and have a standard boiling point of 160 C. or more. Also described are lead acid batteries that include an electrode having an electrode active material held in a fiber-containing gauntlet made from a mat or fabric of polymer fibers having at least one additive for improving battery performance incorporated into the polymer fibers.