An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.

An electrochemical device includes a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material, and an electrolytic solution. The positive electrode active material includes a conductive polymer, and the electrolytic solution includes a lithium salt and a nonaqueous solvent. The nonaqueous solvent contains a first solvent and a second solvent. The first solvent includes γ-butyrolactone, and the second solvent includes at least one selected from the group consisting of an unsaturated cyclic carbonate ester and a cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride.

A sulfur-carbon composite including a porous carbon material including interior and exterior surfaces coated with a polymer including an ion conductive functional group and an electron conductive functional group; and sulfur present on at least a portion of inside pores and on a surface of the porous carbon material.

The invention provides a cathode sheet for use in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, including a composite material comprising a collector and a layer of a cathode active material provided thereon. The layer of a cathode active material includes: (a) a conductive polymer and (b) at least one selected from a polycarboxylic acid and a metal salt of a polycarboxylic acid; and the conductive polymer is a polymer in a dedoped state or in a dedoped and reduced state. The polymer constituting the conductive polymer is at least one selected from polyaniline, a polyaniline derivative, polypyrrole, a polypyrrole derivative, and polythiophene; and the polycarboxylic acid is at least one selected from polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyvinylbenzoic acid, polyallylbenzoic acid, polymethallylbenzoic acid, polymaleic acid, polyfumaric acid, polyglutaminic acid, polyaspartic acid, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, and a copolymer including repeating units of at least two of the polymers listed herein.

Sulfur copolymers having high sulfur content for use as raw materials in 3D printing. The sulfur copolymers are prepared by melting and copolymerizing one or more comonomers with cyclic selenium sulfide, elemental sulfur, elemental selenium, or a combination thereof. Optical substrates, such as films and lenses, are constructed from the sulfur copolymer via 3D printing and are substantially transparent in the visible and infrared spectrum. The optical substrates can have refractive indices of about 1.75-2.6 at a wavelength in a range of about 500 nm to about 8 m.

A positive electrode for electrochemical device includes a positive current collector and a positive electrode material layer supported on the positive current collector. The positive electrode material layer includes a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material includes an inner core portion containing polyaniline and a surface layer portion containing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and polythiophene. The inner core portion is fibrous or grain-aggregate, and the surface layer portion covers at least a part of the inner core portion. Furthermore, an electrochemical device includes the above-described positive electrode, a negative electrode including a negative electrode material layer that occludes and releases a lithium ion, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution having lithium ion conductivity.

Provided is a composition for a non-aqueous secondary battery functional layer with which it is possible to form a functional layer that can cause a battery member for a non-aqueous secondary battery to display a balance of both high blocking resistance and high process adhesiveness. The composition for a non-aqueous secondary battery functional layer contains a particulate polymer having a core-shell structure including a core portion and a shell portion covering at least a portion of an outer surface of the core portion. The core portion is formed of a polymer A and the shell portion is formed of a polymer B including not less than 1 mol % and not more than 30 mol % of a sulfo group-containing monomer unit.

A main object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for producing an all-solid-state battery in which the used amount of the PVDF binder may be decreased, and the deterioration of the sulfide solid electrolyte may be suppressed. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing a method for producing an all-solid-state battery, the method comprising a step of forming an electrolyte-containing layer by using a slurry including a sulfide solid electrolyte containing a Li element, a P element, and a S element, a PVDF binder, and a solvent, and as a first solvent, the solvent includes 50 volume % or more of a ketone solvent represented by a general formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein, in the general formula (1), R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are each independently a saturated hydrocarbon group or an aromatic hydrocarbon group, and a carbon number of at least one of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is 2 or more.

Halogenation of para-aminophenol and polymerization of the halogenation product results in electro-conductive redox polymer. For example, the para-aminophenol is chlorinated or brominated in an acidic solution, and the halogenation product is polymerized upon increasing the pH and upon oxidation. The halogenation product can be polymerized during electro-deposition of a thin film upon an anode current collector from an electrolyte solution to produce a sensor electrode, and the halogenation product can be mixed with electro-conductive carbon material to produce electrode-active material for storage battery electrodes. For example, the sensor electrode has an electrochemical reduction potential and a charge-discharge cycle period inversely proportional to pH, and the storage battery electrodes are positive electrodes in a storage battery having zinc negative electrodes in a zinc salt electrolyte solution.

Compositions and methods of producing composite materials for use as a cathode in electrochemical cells. Elemental sulfur is mixed with tungsten sulfide (WS.sub.2) to form a composite mixture. Organic comonomers may be added to the composite mixture. The composite mixture is reacted to form the composite material. Electrochemical cells with cathodes containing the composite material demonstrated improved battery performance.