A rechargeable lithium battery includes an electrode laminate including a positive electrode including a positive current collector and a positive active material layer disposed on the positive current collector; a negative electrode including a negative current collector, a negative active material layer disposed on the negative current collector, and a negative electrode functional layer disposed on the negative active material layer; and a separator, wherein the electrode laminate has a ratio (L/W) of a height (L), which is a length in a protruding direction of an electrode terminal, relative to a width (W), which is perpendicular to the protruding direction of the electrode terminal and parallel to the laminate surface, is about 1.1 to about 2.3, the positive active material layer includes a first positive active material including at least one of a composite oxide of a metal selected from cobalt, manganese, nickel, and a combination thereof and lithium and a second positive active material including a compound represented by Chemical Formula 1, the negative electrode functional layer includes flake-shaped polyethylene particles, and an operation voltage is greater than or equal to about 4.3 V.

Li.sub.aFe.sub.1-x1M.sub.x1PO.sub.4 [Chemical Formula 1] In Chemical Formula 1, 0.90a1.8, 0x10.7, and M is Mn, Co, Ni, or a combination thereof.

A rechargeable lithium battery includes a positive electrode including a positive current collector and a positive active material layer disposed on the positive current collector; and a negative electrode including a negative current collector, a negative active material layer disposed on the negative current collector, and a negative electrode functional layer disposed on the negative active material layer, wherein the positive active material layer includes a first positive active material including at least one of a composite oxide of metal selected from cobalt, manganese, nickel, and a combination thereof and lithium and a second positive active material including at least one of compounds represented by Chemical Formula 1 to Chemical Formula 4, and the negative electrode functional layer includes flake-shaped polyethylene particles and

Li.sub.x2Mn.sub.1-y2M.sub.y2A.sub.2[Chemical Formula 1]

Li.sub.x2Mn.sub.1-y2M.sub.yO.sub.2-z2X.sub.z2[Chemical Formula 2]

Li.sub.x2Mn.sub.2O.sub.4-z2X.sub.z2[Chemical Formula 3]

Li.sub.x2Mn.sub.2-y2M.sub.y2M.sub.z2A.sub.4[Chemical Formula 4]

wherein, 0.9x21.1, 0y20.5, 0z20.5, M and M are the same or different and are selected from Mg, Al, Co, K, Na, Ca, Si, Ti, Sn, V, Ge, Ga, B, As, Zr, Mn, Cr, Fe, Sr, V, and a rare earth element, and

wherein A is selected from O, F, S, and P and X is selected from F, S, and P.

An improved rechargeable battery may utilize materials that are entirely solid-state. The battery may utilize at least one organic active material for an electrode. The battery may utilize a cathode that comprises quinone(s). An electrolyte of the battery may be an ion-conducting inorganic compound. An anode of the battery may comprise an alkali metal. Further, a carbonyl group of the quinone(s) of the cathode may be reduced into a phenolate and coordinated to an alkali metal ion during discharge and vice versa during charging.

An energy storage device and method of forming and operating the same. In one embodiment, the energy storage device includes a positive electrode including a first redox polymer deposited on a first conductive porous substrate. The energy storage device also includes a solid-state polyelectrolyte separator operative as a voltage generator, and a negative electrode including a second redox polymer deposited on a second conductive porous substrate, thereby forming an electrochemical cell.

A method for enhancing the conductivity of MOF-5 by the development of an MOF-5 polymer composite material. The composite material incorporates a conductive polymer, preferably polyaniline, in the solvo-thermal synthesis pathway of MOF-5. The electrically conductive MOF-5 composite exhibits electric conductivity three orders of magnitude higher than that of MOF-5 while maintaining the crystallinity, robustness, and thermal stability of MOF-5.

A surface-enabled, metal ion-exchanging battery device comprising a cathode, an anode, a porous separator, and a metal ion-containing electrolyte, wherein the metal ion is selected from aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), or bismuth (Bi), and at least one of the electrodes contains therein a metal ion source prior to the first charge or discharge cycle of the device and at least the cathode comprises a functional material or nanostructured material having a metal ion-capturing functional group or metal ion-storing surface in direct contact with the electrolyte. This energy storage device has a power density significantly higher than that of a lithium-ion battery and an energy density dramatically higher than that of a supercapacitor.

A particulate active material for a power storage device positive electrode having a higher energy density is provided, which includes particles of an electrically conductive polymer and a conductive agent, wherein the electrically conductive polymer particles each have a surface coated with the conductive agent.

A binder includes a third polymer including a cross-linked product of a first polymer and a second polymer, wherein the first polymer includes a first functional group and is at least one selected from a polyamic acid and a polyimide, wherein the second polymer includes a second functional group and is water-soluble, and wherein the first polymer and the second polymer are cross-linked by an ester bond formed by a reaction of the first functional group and the second functional.

A particulate active material for a power storage device positive electrode having a higher energy density is provided, which includes particles of an electrically conductive polymer and a conductive agent, wherein the electrically conductive polymer particles each have a surface coated with the conductive agent.

Metal-sulfur energy storage devices also comprising new redox mediator compounds are described.