This application provides a polymer current collector, a preparation method thereof, and a secondary battery, battery module, battery pack, and apparatus associated therewith. The polymer current collector provided in this application includes polymer film layers, where the polymer film layers include a first polymer film layer and a second polymer film layer, a resistivity of the first polymer film layer is denoted as ρ1, a resistivity of the second polymer film layer is denoted as ρ2, and the current collector satisfies ρ1>ρ2. The polymer current collector in this application can induce to deposit of lithium metal from a low conductivity side to a high conductivity side, avoiding risks of depositing lithium ions on the surface of the current collector and thereby increasing cycle life of lithium metal batteries.

Compositions and methods for the fabrication of electrode and porous lithium-garnet electrolyte scaffolds for use in solid state batteries and other devices are provided. The methods produce porous structures using phase inversion or high shear compaction processes to fabricate a solid-state battery electrode material from LLZO electrolytes. Engineered electrode structures with a porous scaffold of solid electrolyte material provide lower interfacial resistances and a mechanical support for a thin solid electrode layer improving performance.

An electrode for the use of an advanced lithium battery is fabricated using three-dimensionally structured metal foam coated with an active material. The metal foam is porous metal foam that can be used as an anode current collector of a lithium-ion battery and is coated with an anode active material, such as tin, through a sonication-assisted electroless plating method. Additionally, the coated metal foam is heat-treated at an appropriate temperature in order to improve the integrity of the coating layer and hence, the cyclic performance of the lithium-ion battery.

A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode composed of a sintered body containing lithium cobaltate, a negative electrode, and a separator composed of a sintered body containing magnesia interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The lithium secondary battery further includes an intermediate layer between the positive electrode and the separator, the intermediate layer containing an oxide containing Co and Mg.

An electrode for the use of an advanced lithium battery is fabricated using three-dimensionally structured metal foam coated with an active material. The metal foam is porous metal foam that can be used as an anode current collector of a lithium-ion battery and is coated with an anode active material, such as tin, through a sonication-assisted electroless plating method. Additionally, the coated metal foam is heat-treated at an appropriate temperature in order to improve the integrity of the coating layer and hence, the cyclic performance of the lithium-ion battery.

A circuit board assembly includes a wiring board, the lithium secondary battery electrically connected to the wiring board, and a wireless communication device electrically connected to the wiring board. The lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode arranged to face the positive electrode, and an electrolyte. In the lithium secondary battery, an electrode area (S) and a battery resistance (R) satisfy a relationship of 0.08R/S1.80 (/cm.sup.2), where the electrode area is an area where the positive electrode and the negative electrode face each other.

Nickel electrodes comprising an electrically conductive nickel sheet and a nickel layer deposited thereon which consists of spherical, porous nickel particles which adhere to each other, made by the method of partially reducing spherical nickel hydroxide particles in a reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures to obtain partially reduced spherical Ni/NiO particles, preparing a paste from the Ni/NiO particles obtained and an organic and/or inorganic binder as well as further excipients as required, applying the paste in a layer to one or both sides of the electrically conductive nickel sheet, and tempering the coated nickel sheet in a reducing atmosphere at elevated temperatures. Self-supporting nickel layers of spherical, porous nickel particles which adhere to each other. Producing nickel electrodes and the self-supporting nickel layer, and use thereof, particularly as an electrode for water electrolysis.

Provided is a battery comprising an iron electrode and an electrolyte comprised of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and a soluble metal sulfide. In one embodiment, the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the electrolyte ranges from 6.0 M to 7.5 M, the amount of lithium hydroxide present in the electrolyte ranges from 0.5 M to 2.0 M, and the amount of metal sulfide present in the electrolyte ranges from 1 to 2% by weight.

A battery system comprising: an anode composed of a non-toxic biocompatible metal; a first printable carbon-based current collector comprising biocompatible multiple few layer graphene (FLG) sheets in electrical contact with and extending from the anode; a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode including an open porous structure configured to catalyze an active material via gas diffusion; a polymer-based barrier film deposited on the 3D hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode, the polymer-based barrier film configured to prevent oxygen from entering the open porous structure while deposited on the 3D hierarchical mesoporous carbon-based cathode; a second printable carbon-based current collector comprising biocompatible multiple few layer graphene (FLG) sheets in electrical contact with and extending from the cathode; and an electrolyte layer disposed between the anode and the cathode, the electrolyte layer configured to activate the battery system when released into one or both of the anode and the cathode.

Provided here is a method of manufacturing a lattice electrode useful in an energy storage device such as a battery or capacitor. A lattice electrode useful in an energy storage device such as a battery or capacitor also is provided, along with energy storage devices such as batteries or capacitors.