An electrode for the use of an advanced lithium battery is fabricated using three-dimensionally structured metal foam coated with an active material. The metal foam is porous metal foam that can be used as an anode current collector of a lithium-ion battery and is coated with an anode active material, such as tin, through a sonication-assisted electroless plating method. Additionally, the coated metal foam is heat-treated at an appropriate temperature in order to improve the integrity of the coating layer and hence, the cyclic performance of the lithium-ion battery.

An electrode for a secondary battery includes a current collector; and an active material structure on the current collector, the activate material structure including: at least one first high-density layer, and at least one second high-density layer, the at least one second high-density layer being further away from the current collector as compared to the at least one first high-density layer; and a low-density layer between the at least one first high-density layer and the at least one second high-density layer, wherein a thickness of the at least one second high-density layer is greater than a thickness of the at least one first high-density layer.

Provided here is a method of manufacturing a lattice electrode useful in an energy storage device such as a battery or capacitor. A lattice electrode useful in an energy storage device such as a battery or capacitor also is provided, along with energy storage devices such as batteries or capacitors.

A method for producing a catalyst material for an electrode of an electrochemical cell includes doping a carbon material with nitrogen atoms, where the doping includes: bringing a carbon material into contact with urea at a temperature in a temperature range from 750 C. to 850 C.; bringing an oxidized carbon material into contact with cyanamide at a temperature in a temperature range from 550 C. to 650 C.; or bringing an oxidized carbon material into contact with melamine at a temperature in a temperature range from 550 C. to 650 C.