Provided are a method of operating a communication system using physical layer division, the method comprises extracting an initial random access signal from an uplink signal, in a first physical layer of a first communication node of the communication system reducing a data amount of the extracted initial random access signal in the first physical layer and calculating a time synchronization error using the initial random access signal with a reduced amount of data, in a second physical layer of a second communication node of the communication system.

A method for estimating a time of arrival of a signal transmitted over a wireless channel, includes receiving the signal by a receiving device; correlating the received signal with a filtered code sequence to create a correlation output, identifying in the correlation output, an observation window associated with a main lobe in the correlation output; and processing the observation window to determine a time of arrival of a first path component in the received signal. The filtered code sequence is formed by incorporating a time of arrival matched filter (TOA-MF) inside predetermined shaped code sequence. The TOA-MF is matched to the predetermined shaped code sequence and is based upon a power delay profile of the wireless channel. The predetermined shaped code sequence is a convolution of a predetermined shaping sequence and a predetermined code sequence.

The apparatus may be a UE. The UE may be configured to measure, over a time interval, a plurality of instances of a signal received from a serving device (e.g., a base station or serving UE). The UE may further be configured to adjust, based on at least two previously measured instances of the signal, a sampling rate associated with the signal received from the serving device. The UE may further be configured to maintain a particular number (e.g., 2-10) of previously measured instances of the signal, where adjusting the sampling rate is based on the maintained particular number of previously measured instances. The particular number of previously measured instances of the signal may be used to calculate a gradient of the measurements to identify a sampling rate associated with the calculated gradient.

Some demonstrative embodiments include apparatuses, devices, systems and methods of communicating a PPDU including a training field. For example, an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station may be configured to determine one or more Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Training (TRN) sequences in a frequency domain based on a count of one or more 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in a channel bandwidth for transmission of an EDMG PPDU including a TRN field; generate one or more OFDM TRN waveforms in a time domain based on the one or more OFDM TRN sequences, respectively, and based on an OFDM TRN mapping matrix, which is based on a count of the one or more transmit chains; and transmit an OFDM mode transmission of the EDMG PPDU over the channel bandwidth, the OFDM mode transmission comprising transmission of the TRN field based on the one or more OFDM TRN waveforms.

A radio apparatus is configured to correlate signal data with stored synchronization data to generate synchronization correlation data. The signal data represents a received radio-frequency signal that encodes a data frame having a synchronization preamble comprising a plurality of instances of a predetermined synchronization sequence. The stored synchronization data represents the predetermined synchronization sequence. The synchronization correlation data is generated by correlating signal data representing the synchronization preamble with the stored synchronization data. While generating the synchronization correlation data, the radio apparatus identifies a first set of one or more peaks in the synchronization correlation data, and determines first synchronization information from the first set of one or more peaks. After generating more of the synchronization correlation data, the radio apparatus identifies a second set of one or more peaks in the synchronization correlation data, and determines second synchronization information from the second set of one or more peaks.

Some embodiments enable secure time of flight (SToF) measurements for wireless communication packets that include secure ranging packets with zero padded random sequence waveforms, including at higher frequency bands (e.g., 60 GHz) and in non-line of sight (NLOS) scenarios. Some embodiments provide a flexible protocol to allow negotiation of one or more security parameters and/or SToF operation parameters. For example, some embodiments employ: phase tracking and signaling to support devices with phase noise constraints to mitigate phase noise at higher frequencies; determining a number of random sequences (RSs) used for SToF to support consistency checks and channel verification; additional rules supporting sub-phases of the SToF operation; and/or determining First Path (FP), Sub-Optimal, and/or Hybrid path AWV modes and the pre-conditioning usage of these modes.

The apparatus may be a base station. The apparatus processes a first group of synchronization signals. The apparatus processes a second group of synchronization signals. The apparatus performs a first transmission by transmitting the processed first group of the synchronization signals in a first synchronization subframe. The apparatus performs a second transmission by transmitting the processed second group of the synchronization signals in a second synchronization subframe.

A base station may determine an SS block index associated with an SS block for transmission, and may scramble information based on at least a portion of the determined SS block index. The information may include at least one of a reference signal, data, paging information, control information, broadcast information, or a CRC associated with control information. The base station may transmit the SS block and scrambled information to a UE. A UE may receive an SS block and information scrambled based on at least a portion of an SS block index associated with the SS block. The information may include at least one of a reference signal, data, paging information, control information, broadcast information, or a CRC associated with control information. The UE may descramble the scrambled information based on the at least the portion of the SS block index.

A method is used for frequency offset estimation in a wireless communication network that employs time based scheduling of packets. The method is performed by a packet receiver in the wireless communication network. The method includes receiving a packet from a packet transmitter. The packet includes a preamble that is composed of samples of a single orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing symbol. The preamble has a cyclic prefix (CP) defined by a repetition of samples from an end-portion of the preamble and the preamble, except for the CP, is free from any repeated sequence of samples. The method also includes determining a sequence of similarity measure values between the CP of the preamble and the end-portion of the preamble, applying a low-pass filter to the sequence of similarity measure values, resulting in a filtered sequence of similarity measure values, and performing frequency offset estimation on the filtered sequence of similarity measure values.

Various aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication. In some aspects, a user equipment (UE) may receive a physical random access channel (PRACH) preamble configuration that indicates a first preamble format for a first PRACH preamble and a second preamble format for a second PRACH preamble, wherein the first preamble format is different from the second preamble format. The UE may transmit the first PRACH preamble as part of a random access procedure based at least in part on the PRACH preamble configuration, wherein transmitting the first PRACH preamble enables a determination of a symbol boundary offset. The UE may transmit the second PRACH preamble as part of the random access procedure based at least in part on the PRACH preamble configuration, wherein transmitting the second PRACH preamble enables a determination of a symbol timing offset. Numerous other aspects are described.