A system for an enhanced X2 interface in a mobile operator core network is disclosed, comprising: a Long Term Evolution (LTE) core network packet data network gateway (PGW); an evolved NodeB (eNodeB) connected to the LTE PGW; a Wi-Fi access point (AP) connected to the LTE PGW via a wireless local area network (WLAN) gateway; and a coordinating node positioned as a gateway between the LTE PGW and the eNodeB, and positioned as a gateway between the LTE PGW and the Wi-Fi AP, the coordinating node further comprising: a network address translation (NAT) module; and a protocol module for communicating to the eNodeB and the Wi-Fi AP to request inter-radio technology (inter-RAT) handovers of a user equipment (UE) from the eNodeB to the Wi-Fi AP and to forward packets intended for the UE from the eNodeB to the Wi-Fi AP.

A pre-5th-Generation (5G) or 5G communication system is provided for supporting higher data rates beyond 4th-Generation (4G) communication system such as long term evolution (LTE). The method for operating a primary base station in a wireless communication system is provided. The method includes transmitting, to a secondary base station, an addition request message. The addition request message carries information of a secondary cell group (SCG) split bearer. The method further includes receiving, from the secondary base station, a response message of the addition request message.

In order to allow for improvement on a case where data of a cellular network is transmitted and/or received through a wireless local area network (WLAN), a base station of the present invention includes: a first communication processing unit configured to add a header of a framing protocol to downlink data transmitted to a terminal apparatus; and a second communication processing unit configured to transmit the downlink data to which the header is added to a gateway that is used for transmission from the base station to the terminal apparatus through a wireless local area network. The framing protocol is a protocol for communication between the base station and the gateway and the header includes identification information corresponding to quality of service for the downlink data.

A next generation NodeB (gNB) implements a radio access network (RAN) convergence functionality for new radio (NR) and wireless local area network (WLAN) access, the gNB further implementing a split architecture comprising a central unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) for each of the NR access and WLAN access. The gNB receives a data packet for transmission to a user equipment (UE) implementing the RAN convergence functionality, the data packet comprising one of a control plane (CP) packet or a user plane (UP) packet. The gNB splits the data packet via a convergence layer residing on the NR CU or a convergence layer residing on the WLAN CU and transmits the split data packet over the NR access and the WLAN access.

In one implementation, a communications apparatus includes a communications circuit including a first communications system configured to communicate with a first communications network over a first communications medium; a second communications system configured to communicate with the first communications network over a second communications medium; and a communications port configured to communicate with a second communications network. The communications apparatus can further include a power circuit that includes a first power system configured to power the communications apparatus with a first power source; and a second power system configured to power the communications apparatus with a second power source. The communications apparatus can further include a processing system configured to be powered by the power circuit and selectively control communications flows between the communications port and at least one of the first communications system and the second communications system.

Methods, systems, and devices for reducing latency for closed loop sidelink communications for non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are described. In some examples, a first user equipment (UE) may transmit, to a network entity, a message requesting an allocation of sidelink resources for the first UE and an allocation of sidelink resources for a second UE. The first UE may receive, from the network entity in response to the request message, an indication of a first set of sidelink resources for the first UE. In some examples, the first UE may transmit one or more data messages to the second UE, including an indication of a second set of sidelink resources, an indication that the network entity may directly allocate the second set of sidelink resources, or both. In some example, the first UE may receive one or more data messages from the second UE on the second set of sidelink resources.

Embodiments of this application provide a communication method and apparatus, and relate to the communication field. The method in embodiments of this application includes: A control network element determines to use a same transmission path as a second service data flow for a first service data flow. The control network element sends first indication information to a target network element, where the first indication information indicates to transmit the first service data flow through a same transmission path as the second service data flow. In this way, the first service data flow and the second service data flow can be synchronously transmitted, to resolve a problem of a large transmission delay difference or asynchronization resulting from selecting different transmission paths for the service data flows.

A method for transmitting data includes: determining whether a length of cached data of user equipment (UE) is no less than a first preset threshold; in response to determining that the length of the cached data of the UE is no less than the first preset threshold, dividing, in a preset mode, the cached data into two groups of data; and uploading the two groups of data to a base station respectively through a mobile network and a wireless local area network (WLAN).

A communication device, comprising: communication-part communicates with external device by first-communication-system provided at first-access-point or by second-communication-system provided at second-access-point, determination-part dynamically determines communication priority level of host device with respect to each of first and/or second-access-point; and communication controller transmits information including communication priority level and moving body information with respect to each of first and second-access-points, communication controller communicates with external device through first-communication-system in accordance with communication priority level determined at first-access-point or second-communication-system in accordance with communication priority level determined at second-access-point, communicates in accordance with communication priority level determined at second-access-point when the communication is switched from first-access-point to second-access-point, and communicates in accordance with communication priority level determined at first-access-point when communication of communication-part is switched from communication of second-access-point to communication of first-access-point.

A wireless device derives first paging occasions of a first public land mobile network (PLMN) based on an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) of the wireless device and second paging occasions of a second PLMN. The wireless device determines a collision between the first paging occasions and the second paging occasions. Based on determining the collision, the wireless device sends, to a core network node of the first PLMN, a requested IMSI offset value for offsetting the IMSI of the wireless device. the wireless device receives, from the core network node, an accepted IMSI offset value for offsetting the IMSI of the wireless device. The wireless device monitors third paging occasions of the first PLMN. The third paging occasions are derived based on an alternative IMSI equal to a sum of the IMSI of the wireless device and the accepted IMSI offset value.