An electrode active material for non-aqueous secondary batteries containing a compound represented by formula (1) is a material that is less likely to dissolve in an electrolyte during charge and discharge, and that exhibits an excellent discharge capacity and excellent charge-and-discharge cycle characteristics: the compound represented by formula (1)

##STR00001##

wherein Y.sup.1 and Y.sup.2 are identical or different and represent an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a selenium atom, R.sup.1 to R.sup.8 are identical or different and represent an oxygen atom or a group represented by OLi, R.sup.9 to R.sup.12 are identical or different and represent a hydrogen atom or an organic group, and bonds that are each represented by a solid line and a dashed line indicate a single bond or a double bond.

An electrochemical cell for an energy-dense rechargeable battery is provided. The cell includes a solid metallic sodium anode, which is deposited over a suitable current collector during the cell charging process. Several variations of compatible electrolytes are disclosed, along with novel cathode materials for building the complete high-energy battery cell.

An oligomer-polymer is provided. The oligomer-polymer is obtained by the polymerization reaction of a compound containing an ethylenically unsaturated group and a nucleophile compound, wherein the nucleophile compound includes the compound shown in formula 1: ##STR00001##
A lithium battery including an anode, a cathode, an isolation film, an electrolyte solution, and a package structure is also provided, wherein the cathode includes the oligomer-polymer.

An energy storage device includes a cathodic material in an activated state; and an anodic material in an activated state; wherein: the cathodic material is a viologen covalently attached to, or confined within, a first polymer matrix, the first polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the cathodic material in the activated state; and the anodic material is a phenazine, a phenothiazine, a triphenodithiazine, a carbazole, a indolocarbazole, a biscarbazole, or a ferrocene covalently attached to, or confined within, a second polymer matrix, the second polymer matrix is configured to prevent or minimize substantial diffusion of the anodic material in the activated state.

The present disclosure provides a composite material comprising an electrically conductive polymer, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and an ionically conductive polymer, such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). This composite forms a dual conductor for three-dimensional electrodes in electrochemical applications including lithium ion batteries.

An improved lead acid battery (LAB) battery may provide high charge acceptance and may be suitable for a wide range of applications, including a variety of new applications. The new battery can sustain 67% of the maximum capacity even at a very high charging rate of IOC. This battery may decrease the use of lead in comparison to prior lead acid battery designs by up to 50%.

This invention provides a method whereby Si microparticles (Si MP) with low cost and nitrogen-abundant chitin fibers from crustacean shells are used as raw materials to produce Si nanoparticles and nitrogen doped carbon composite via a scalable ball milling method. During the ball-milling process, Si MP are downsized, and the chitin fibers are wrapped around the particles. The milled product is then post-thermally treated to obtain Si and nitrogen doped carbon composites.

The present invention relates to a one-step process for preparation of in-situ or ex-situ self-organized and electrically conducting polymer nanocomposites using thermally initiated polymerization of a halogenated 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer or its derivatives. This approach does not require additional polymerization initiators or catalysts, produce gaseous products that are naturally removed without affecting the polymer matrix, and do not leave by-product contaminants. It is demonstrated that self-polymerization of halogenated 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer is not affected by the presence of a solid-state phase in the form of nanoparticles and results in formation of 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) nanocomposites.

The present invention relates to an oligomer-based organic battery materials, cathode active material, cathode and secondary battery comprising such material, and a process for preparing such materials.

An aqueous primary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an aqueous solution electrolyte included in the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator, wherein the negative electrode and/or the electrolyte includes an additive, the negative electrode includes a negative electrode active material, the negative electrode active material includes zinc, the additive includes a cyclic compound, and the cyclic compound has a first ring including a NCO structure, and a second ring that shares at least two atoms with the first ring.