The present disclosure is directed to methods of preparing substantially spherical metallic alloyed particles, having micron and sub-micron (i.e., nanometer)-scaled dimensions, and the powders so prepared, as well as articles derived from these powders. In particular embodiments, these metallic alloyed particles, complising rare earth metals, can be prepared in sizes as small 80 nm in diameter with size variances as low as 2-5%.

An oxide superconductor of an embodiment includes an oxide superconductor layer having a continuous Perovskite structure including rare earth elements, barium (Ba), and copper (Cu). The rare earth elements include a first element which is praseodymium, at least one second element selected from the group consisting of neodymium, samarium, europium, and gadolinium, at least one third element selected from the group consisting of yttrium, terbium, dysprosium, and holmium, and at least one fourth element selected from the group consisting of erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. When the number of atoms of the first element is N(PA), the number of atoms of the second element is N(SA), and the number of atoms of the fourth element is N(CA), 1.5×(N(PA)+N(SA))≤N(CA) or 2×(N(CA)−N(PA))≤N(SA) is satisfied.

An oxide superconductor of an embodiment includes an oxide superconductor layer having a continuous Perovskite structure including rare earth elements, barium (Ba), and copper (Cu). The rare earth elements include a first element which is praseodymium, at least one second element selected from the group consisting of neodymium, samarium, europium, and gadolinium, at least one third element selected from the group consisting of yttrium, terbium, dysprosium, and holmium, and at least one fourth element selected from the group consisting of erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. When the number of atoms of the first element is N(PA), the number of atoms of the second element is N(SA), and the number of atoms of the fourth element is N(CA), 1.5×(N(PA)+N(SA))≤N(CA) or 2×(N(CA)−N(PA))≤N(SA) is satisfied.

This invention relates to magnetocaloric materials comprising alloys useful for magnetic refrigeration applications. In some embodiments, the disclosed alloys may be Cerium, Neodymium, and/or Gadolinium based compositions that are fairly inexpensive, and in some cases exhibit only 2.sup.nd order magnetic phase transitions near their curie temperature, thus there are limited thermal and structural hysteresis losses. This makes these compositions attractive candidates for use in magnetic refrigeration applications. Surprisingly, the performance of the disclosed materials is similar or better to many of the known expensive rare-earth based magnetocaloric materials.

This invention relates to magnetocaloric materials comprising alloys useful for magnetic refrigeration applications. In some embodiments, the disclosed alloys may be Cerium, Neodymium, and/or Gadolinium based compositions that are fairly inexpensive, and in some cases exhibit only 2.sup.nd order magnetic phase transitions near their curie temperature, thus there are limited thermal and structural hysteresis losses. This makes these compositions attractive candidates for use in magnetic refrigeration applications. Surprisingly, the performance of the disclosed materials is similar or better to many of the known expensive rare-earth based magnetocaloric materials.

According to an embodiment, a composite permanent magnet includes a matrix of magnetically hard phase grains having an average grain size of 10 nm to 50 μm; and magnetically soft phase grains embedded within the matrix, and having an average grain size of at least 50 nm, each grain having an elongated shape with an aspect ratio of at least 2:1. According to another embodiment, a composite permanent magnet includes a matrix of magnetically hard phase grains having an average grain size of 10 nm to 50 μm; and magnetically soft phase grains embedded within the matrix, and having an average grain width of at least 50 nm, an average grain height of 20 to 500 nm, and an aspect ratio of at least 2:1. According to yet another embodiment, a method of forming a composite permanent magnet is also provided.

According to an embodiment, a composite permanent magnet includes a matrix of magnetically hard phase grains having an average grain size of 10 nm to 50 μm; and magnetically soft phase grains embedded within the matrix, and having an average grain size of at least 50 nm, each grain having an elongated shape with an aspect ratio of at least 2:1. According to another embodiment, a composite permanent magnet includes a matrix of magnetically hard phase grains having an average grain size of 10 nm to 50 μm; and magnetically soft phase grains embedded within the matrix, and having an average grain width of at least 50 nm, an average grain height of 20 to 500 nm, and an aspect ratio of at least 2:1. According to yet another embodiment, a method of forming a composite permanent magnet is also provided.

The present disclosure is directed to methods of preparing substantially spherical metallic alloyed particles, having micron and sub-micron (i.e., nanometer)-scaled dimensions, and the powders so prepared, as well as articles derived from these powders. In particular embodiments, these metallic alloyed particles, comprising rare earth metals, can be prepared in sizes as small 80 nm in diameter with size variances as low as 2-5%.

The present disclosure is directed to methods of preparing substantially spherical metallic alloyed particles, having micron and sub-micron (i.e., nanometer)-scaled dimensions, and the powders so prepared, as well as articles derived from these powders. In particular embodiments, these metallic alloyed particles, comprising rare earth metals, can be prepared in sizes as small 80 nm in diameter with size variances as low as 2-5%.

Disclosed are an R-T-B-based permanent magnet material, a preparation method therefor and the use thereof. The R-T-B-based permanent magnet material I comprises the following components: 29.0-32.5% of R including RH, 0.30 to 0.50 wt. % of Cu, 0.05 to 0.20 wt. % of Ti, 0.85 to 1.05 wt. % of B, 0.1 to 0.3 wt. % of C, 66 to 68 wt. % of Fe, wherein R is a rare earth element and R at least includes Nd; and RH is a heavy rare earth element and RH at least includes Tb or Dy, A Cu—Ti—C grain boundary phase is formed in the R-T-B-based permanent magnet material I, and Hcj is significantly improved.