A dispensing unit having a circulation system for circulating a fluid in the dispensing unit is provided. The circulation system comprises, a circulation circuit, and a mechanism configured to circulate the fluid in the circulation circuit. By circulating the fluid, the fluid is counteracted from crystallizing. A method for circulating a fluid in a dispensing unit is also provided.

The present invention relates to an exhaust treatment apparatus (1) for an internal combustion engine (5). The apparatus includes a catalyst chamber (15) containing a catalyst (35). One or more exhaust gas inlets (11A-D) are provided for supplying exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine (5) to the catalyst chamber (C). An exhaust gas outlet (21) for supplying exhaust gases from the catalyst chamber to a turbocharger (25). An injection nozzle (19) is provided for introducing a reductant (23) into the exhaust gases between the catalyst (15) and the turbocharger (25). The reductant (23) and the exhaust gases can undergo mixing as they pass through the turbocharger (25). The catalyst (15) can have a three-dimensional open structure to facilitate the flow of exhaust gases. The invention also relates to a method of treating exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine (5).

An arrangement for measuring gas concentrations in a gas absorption method, wherein the arrangement includes a plurality of light sources, a measuring cell, at least one measuring receiver and an evaluation apparatus. The measuring cell has a narrow, longitudinally-extended beam path with an entrance-side opening diameter B and an absorption length L with L>B, wherein the measuring cell has a gas inlet and a gas outlet wherein a plurality of light sources of different wavelength spectra is grouped into a first light source group wherein an optical homogeniser is interposed between the first light source group and the measuring cell, wherein, in particular, the homogeniser is coupled to the light source group directly or via a common optical assembly.

An exhaust-gas purifying device purifies an exhaust gas exhausted from a gasoline engine of a vehicle and flowing in an exhaust pipe, and has a purifying function part disposed in the exhaust pipe and a detector located downstream of the purifying part in the exhaust pipe. The purifying function part has a three-way catalyst that oxidizes and reduces a toxic substance and a filter that collects a particular matter included in the exhaust gas. The detector detects an amount of the particular matter based on electrical conductivity between the electrodes of the detector. The detector is located at a position that is one meter distanced from a downstream end of the purifying function part in a path length of the exhaust pipe or a position at which a temperature of the exhaust gas flowing after a warm-up operation of the gasoline engine is lower than or equal to 450° C.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of capturing CO.sub.2 from an environment by hydrating a porous material with water molecules to the extent thereby to define a preselected region of a plurality of hydrated pores and yet to the extent to allow the preselected region of a plurality of pores of the porous material to uptake gas molecules; positioning the porous material within a CO.sub.2 associated environment; and capturing CO.sub.2 by the hydrated porous material. In some embodiments, the pore volume of the hydrated porous material includes between 90% and 20% of the pre-hydrated pore volume to provide unhydrated pore volume within the porous material for enhanced selective uptake of CO.sub.2 in the CO.sub.2 associated environment. In some embodiments, the step of capturing includes forming CO.sub.2-hydrates within the pores of the porous material, where the CO.sub.2.Math.n/H.sub.2O ratio is n<4.

A control body is coupled or coupleable with a cartridge that is equipped with a heating element and contains an aerosol precursor composition, the control body and cartridge forming an aerosol delivery device. The control body includes a control component to control the heating element to activate and vaporize components of the aerosol precursor composition. The control body also includes a gas sensor configured to detect a presence of gas in an environment of the control body, and the gas sensor or control component are further configured to control operation of at least one functional element of the aerosol delivery device in response to the presence of gas so detected.

A gas sensor includes a sensing element having an electrode pad a metal terminal, and a separator that has insertion holes in which the metal terminal is held. The metal terminal includes a main body and an elastic portion that is integrally connected to the main body and is elastically connected to the electrode pad at a predetermined contact point. The main body includes a front-end-side restricting portion and a rear-end-side restricting portion that restrict the movement of the main body by contacting wall surfaces of the insertion hole when the main body moves in a direction intersecting the direction of an axial line. The contact point is located between the front-end-side restricting portion and the rear-end-side restricting portion in the direction of the axial line. The front-end-side restricting portion and the rear-end-side restricting portion are connected to each other so that a flat board portion is interposed therebetween.

A metal terminal includes a front-side terminal member and a rear-side terminal member. The front-side terminal member includes a female connection portion, and the rear-side terminal member includes a male connection portion. The female connection portion has an insertion port in which the male connection portion is inserted. The insertion port is formed in a shape that prevents the insertion port and the male connection portion from coming into contact with each other when the male connection portion is inserted therein. The female connection portion includes a terminal contact portion which brings the male connection portion and the female connection portion into contact with each other by pressing the male connection portion toward the female connection portion inside the female connection portion.

The invention relates to a fluid container for a motor vehicle, having a container wall that bounds a storage volume for storing liquid with respect to an environment, a heating element that is arranged in the storage volume, and a housing, wherein the housing encloses the heating element in a liquid-tight manner with respect to the supply volume.

A bathroom management apparatus may include a case having an air suction port formed in an upper portion of a front surface thereof, a first air discharge port formed in a lower portion of the front surface thereof, and a second air discharge port formed in a lower surface thereof. A suction vane opens or closes the air suction port, and first and second discharge vanes opens or closes the first and second air discharge ports, respectively. A duct is provided in the case to connect the air suction port, the first air discharge port and the second air discharge port to one another. A blowing fan is provided in the duct to suck air through the air suction port and blow the air to the first air discharge port and the second air discharge port. A heater heats the air in the duct.