Draw compounds and draw solutions comprising said draw compounds for use in forward osmosis solvent purification systems. The draw compound may be a linear random, sequential, or block molecular chain consisting of at least one oxide monomer or diol monomer and have a temperature-dependent affinity with a feed solvent. The draw compound may further include a first terminal group and a second terminal group, at least one of the first terminal group and the second terminal group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, an amine group, a carboxylic group, an allyl group, and a C1 to C14 substituted and unsubstituted alkyl group. The draw compound may also be a branched random, sequential, or block molecular chain consisting of at least one oxide monomer or diol monomer.

Disclosed herein a monovalent-ion-selective composite membrane comprising a polymeric cation exchange membrane and a metal-oxide-based layer, wherein said metal-oxide-based layer comprises a metal oxide or an organic-inorganic hybrid polymer, of e.g. Zn, Al, Mg, Si, Cu, W, Ni, or Ti. Also disclosed are the methods for the preparation of the membrane, and also electrodialysis assemblies comprising the membranes.

An emitter apparatus is mounted on a marine structure powered by wind or marine hydrokinetic energy to disperse a carbon dioxide sorbent such as sodium hydroxide. The sorbent can be generated by reverse osmosis of seawater with electrolysis of the brine, or delivered from an external supply. Suitable marine structures include offshore wind turbines, marine hydrokinetic generators, offshore oil platforms, merchant vessels, and other fixed and mobile structures. Effective capture is made by dispersing a fine mist or fog of aqueous sorbent from nozzles with a particle size from a nozzle of less than 100 microns. The sorbent reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide forming carbonates and bicarbonates, which drift and fall to the ocean surface, reducing surface acidity and capturing additional atmospheric carbon dioxide via absorption at the local ocean surface. The resulting carbonates sink to the ocean floor and are there sequestered.

This reverse osmosis membrane processing method comprises adjusting processing-target water to a pH range of 4 to 8 and passing the water through a reverse osmosis membrane device. The reverse osmosis membrane processing method is characterized in that alkaline water having a pH of 9.5 or higher is brought into contact intermittently with the reverse osmosis membrane of the reverse osmosis membrane device. Raw water may be preprocessed with active carbon, or the like, to serve as the processing-target water. If the processing-target water has a pH of 9.5 or higher, this processing-target water may be used as the alkaline water.

A porous membrane comprising stacked layers of nanosheets, each nanosheet comprising one to three atomic layers of a 2D material comprising or consisting of one or more transition metal dichalcogenides is provided. The nanosheets have pores and the membrane comprises a network of water permeation pathways including through-pathways formed by the pores, horizontal pathways formed by gaps between the layers, and vertical pathways formed by gaps between adjacent nanosheets and stacking defects between the layers. Also provided is a method for making the membrane.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for generating plants that can grow in saline conditions, or remove a salt or other impurity from water, for example plants that can remove sodium chloride from salt or sea water, and plants that can produce purified water from salt or sea water.

A pellet manufacturing apparatus according to the present invention includes: a reactor part for producing and discharging either gas hydrate slurry or ice slurry; a pellet forming part which is provided at one side of the outer portion of the reactor part, and which compresses the slurry discharged from the reactor part, so as to form the same into a pellet shape; and a control part for controlling the operation of the reactor part and the pellet forming part, wherein the control part controls the operation of a heating module so that the internal temperature of a first pipe is adjusted to be within a predetermined temperature range when the pellets are formed.

[PROBLEM] To provide an evaluation method and evaluation device with which the practical performance of a forward osmosis membrane can more accurately be measured.

[SOLVING MEANS] Provided is a method for evaluating a forward osmosis membrane module. The method includes the steps of, in a forward osmosis membrane module having spaces which are partitioned by a forward osmosis membrane including a porous support body and a separation function layer stacked thereon, connecting a feed solution line to a space on the separation function layer side, and connecting a draw solution line to a space on the porous support body side, and moving a solvent in the feed solution into the draw solution via the forward osmosis membrane while adjusting a physical pressure differential across the forward osmosis membrane to a constant value within the range of more than 0 kPa to 200 kPa.

A method of operating a dual reverse osmosis/pressure retarded osmosis plant, including when electricity costs less than a first predetermined price, moderate salinity water is pumped into the first portion of a pressure vessel having first and second portions separated by a water permeable/salt impermeable osmotic membrane to yield desalinated permeate in the second portion and brine in the first portion. Further, when electricity costs greater than the first predetermined price, low salinity water is pumped into the second portion and brine is pumped into the first portion to yield pressurized moderate salinity water in the second portion which is run through an energy recovery device to generate electricity. The salinity of the low salinity water is lower than the salinity of the moderate salinity water, and the salinity of the moderate salinity water is lower than the salinity of the brine.

Water purification systems including an inlet chamber, a purification module, a purified water outlet, and an impure water outlet. The inlet chamber is configured to receive an input water stream. The purification module includes a purification chamber configured to divide the input water stream into a purified water stream fluidly coupled to the purified water outlet and an impure water stream fluidly coupled to the impure water outlet. The purification chamber includes a first hydrophilic surface and a second hydrophilic surface spaced from the first hydrophilic surface. The first hydrophilic surface and the second hydrophilic surface cooperate to establish purified zones of substantially pure water and an impure zone of impurity concentrated water from the input water stream. The purified water stream is supplied by substantially pure water from the purified zones and the impure water stream is supplied by the impurity concentrated water from the impure zone.