A display substrate, a preparation method therefor, and a display apparatus. The display substrate comprises: a plurality of pixel island areas that are separated from one another, a plurality of hole areas, and a connection bridge area that connects the plurality of pixel island areas. The hole areas each comprise a base substrate and an encapsulation layer, the base substrate is provided with an aperture, a barrier structure is provided on the side of the base substrate close to the aperture, and the encapsulation layer covers the side of the base substrate close to the aperture.

The present disclosure provides an oxygen heterocyclic compound, an application thereof, and an electronic device using the same. The oxygen heterocyclic compound has a structural formula as represented by following formula 1:

##STR00001##

The oxygen heterocyclic compound comprises an aromatic amine portion and an oxygen heterocyclic portion. The aromatic amine portion effectively promotes the hole injection and transport performance. The oxygen heterocyclic portion is conducive to the formation of molten evaporation materials.

A hole transport material, a manufacturing method thereof, and an electroluminescent device are provided. A main chain of a molecular structure of the hole transport material includes spiro aromatic amine, and a branch chain of the molecular structure of the hole transport material includes an aryl group or a heteroaryl group. The hole transport material can effectively improve performance of hole injection and hole transport, thereby balancing electrons and holes in electroluminescent devices and realizing relatively low voltage and relatively high efficiency.

Provided is a compound that can improve the luminous efficiency, stability and life span of the element, an organic electronic element using the same, and an electronic device thereof.

A resin substrate layer and a first inorganic insulating film on the resin substrate layer are provided. A notch is provided to an end portion of the resin substrate layer. A first inorganic-insulating-film-free region is provided along the notch. From the first inorganic-insulating-film-free region, the first inorganic insulating film is removed.

Provided are a solar cell, a manufacturing method thereof and a photovoltaic module. The solar cell includes a semiconductor substrate, the semiconductor substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other; a first passivation layer and a first electrode layer that are located on the first surface of the semiconductor substrate; and a second passivation layer and a second electrode layer that are located on the second surface of the semiconductor substrate. A donor material film layer is provided between the first passivation layer and the first surface of the semiconductor substrate, and/or an acceptor material film layer is provided between the second passivation layer and the second surface of the semiconductor substrate.

Provided are a composition for an organic optoelectronic device including a first compound represented by Chemical Formula 1 and a second compound represented by Chemical Formula 2, an organic optoelectronic device including the same, and a display device. Details of Chemical Formula 1 and Chemical Formula 2 are as defined in the specification.

An imaging device includes pixels. Each of the pixels includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer that is located between the first electrode and the second electrode, that contains a donor semiconductor material and an acceptor semiconductor material, and that generates a pair of an electron and a hole, a first charge blocking layer located between the first electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer, a second charge blocking layer located between the second electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer, and a charge storage region that is electrically connected to the second electrode and that stores the hole. The difference between the electron affinity of the acceptor semiconductor material and the electron affinity of the first charge blocking layer is larger than the difference between the ionization potential of the donor semiconductor material and the ionization potential of the second charge blocking layer.

An image sensor pixel includes a substrate having a pixel electrode on a light receiving surface thereof, and a photoelectric conversion layer including a perovskite material, on the pixel electrode. A transparent electrode is provided on the photoelectric conversion layer, and a vertical electrode is provided, which is electrically connected to the pixel electrode and extends at least partially through the substrate. The photoelectric conversion layer includes a perovskite layer, a first blocking layer extending between the pixel electrode and the perovskite layer, and a second blocking layer extending between the transparent electrode and the perovskite layer. The perovskite material may have a material structure of ABX.sub.3, A.sub.2BX.sub.4, A.sub.3BX.sub.5, A.sub.4BX.sub.6, ABX.sub.4, or A.sub.n−1B.sub.nX.sub.3n+1, where: n is a positive integer in a range from 2 to 6; A includes at least one material selected from a group consisting of Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr; B includes at least one material selected from a divalent transition metal, a rare earth metal, an alkaline earth metal, Ga, In, Al, Sb, Bi, and Po; and X includes at least one material selected from Cl, Br, and I.

A compound of Formula I,

##STR00001##

is disclosed. In Formula I, M is Pd or Pt; each of X.sup.1 to X.sup.12 is C or N; each of X.sup.13 and X.sup.14 is CH, CD or N; each of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, and Z.sup.3 is C or N; L.sup.1 is selected from a variety of bivalent linkers; X is selected from O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″; each R, R′, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.A, R.sup.B, R.sup.C, R.sup.D, and R.sup.E is hydrogen or a General Substituent; at least one of Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, and Z.sup.3 is a carbon atom substituted with a substituent with a molecular weight of at least 16. Formulations, OLEDs, and consumer products that include Formula I are also disclosed.