A nephroscope can include a body that is at least partially insertable into a kidney of a patient. An articulation controller on a grippable proximal portion of the body can adjust a position of a flexible distal portion of the body to locate a kidney stone when the body is inserted into the kidney of the patient. The articulation controller can optionally releasably lock the articulation of the flexible distal portion, to fixedly position the flexible distal portion at a specified location proximate the kidney stone. The distal end of the body can include an illuminator to illuminate the kidney stone, a camera to provide a video image of the illuminated kidney stone, an optical fiber to deliver laser light that ablates the kidney stone, and an irrigation lumen and a suction lumen to flush the kidney stone and remove kidney stone fragments.

A portable hair-removal apparatus (1) is provided, which includes an air-suction mechanism (10). The air-suction mechanism (10) includes a heat-generating assembly (101) and a heat-dissipation housing (102). The heat-dissipation housing (102) is provided with an air outlet (1021). The heat-generating assembly (101) is connected to the heat-dissipation housing (102) and defines at least one air inlet (1022). External air is sucked into the heat-dissipation housing (102) via the air inlet (1022), flows through the heat-generating assembly (101) to reduce the temperature thereof, and is discharged via the air outlet (1021). A short-range air-passing channel is formed by means of the cooperation of multiple components, such that the heat dissipation performance is improved, the size is further reduced by simplifying the internal structure and the portability is improved.

A medical device may include an elongated body having a distal elongated body portion and a central longitudinal axis. The medical device may include a balloon positioned along the distal elongated body portion. The balloon may be configured to receive a fluid to inflate the balloon such that an exterior balloon surface contacts a calcified lesion within a patient's vasculature. The medical device may include one or more pressure wave emitters positioned along the central longitudinal axis of the elongated body. The one or more pressure wave emitters may be configured to propagate at least one pressure wave through the fluid to fragment the calcified lesion. At least one pressure wave emitter may include an optical fiber configured to transmit laser energy into the balloon. The laser energy may be configured to create a cavitation bubble in the fluid.

A dental procedure performed on target tissue without anesthetic or anesthesia including preconditioning the target tissue using a laser device constructed to produce light in a wavelength range of 2750 nm to 11500 nm, to provide an energy fluence in a range of 50 J/cm.sup.2 to 100 J/cm.sup.2, and to operate in a free running pulsed mode providing 60 m bursts at a frequency of at least 50 Hz. Preconditioning includes selecting a combination of average optical output power and preconditioning time to administer low level laser therapy. The laser device is adjusted to deliver light through the light guide of the laser device at the selected average optical output power. Light delivered through the light guide of the adjusted laser device is directed toward the target tissue for the selected preconditioning time providing analgesia to the target tissue. Oral tissue is removed from the preconditioned target tissue during analgesia.