A scaffold comprised of a plurality of PLLA layers, which may include stem cells, for regenerating bone or tissue. The PLLA layers are separated by a plurality of hydrogel layers. The PLLA layers comprise a nanofiber mesh having a piezoelectric constant to apply an electrical charge to the bone or tissue upon application of ultrasound energy.

Fabrication methods and structures for three dimensional medical implants are provided.

A stem (3) includes: a body section (10) which is inserted into a narrowing hole (Ha) formed in a femur (H) and osseointegrated; a neck section (20) which is joined to a tip of the body section (10) and protrudes from the narrowing hole (Ha) to transmit a load from an acetabular side to the body section (10); and a leg section (25) which is joined to a distal end of the body section (10) to hold a posture of the body section (10), wherein the neck section (20) and the leg section (25) are made of a biocompatible resin, and the body section (10) is made of a biocompatible metal, a biocompatible ceramic, or a biocompatible resin.

Embodiments of nanostructures comprising metal oxide and methods for forming the nanostructure on surfaces are disclosed. In certain embodiments, the nanostructures can be formed on a substrate made of a nickel titanium alloy, resulting in a nanostructure containing both titanium oxide and nickel oxide. The nanostructure can include a lattice layer disposed on top of a nanotube layer. The distal surface of the lattice layer can have a titanium oxide to nickel oxide ratio of greater than 10:1, or about 17:1, resulting in a nanostructure that promotes human endothelial cell migration and proliferation at the interface between the lattice layer and human cells or tissue. The nanostructure may be formed on the outer surface of an implantable medical device, such a stent or an orthopedic implant (e.g. knee implant, bone screw, or bone staple).

Provided herein are methods for the controlled, independent modification of the surface of magnesium-based materials and compositions generated thereby. The methods allow for the alteration of multiple surface characteristics including generation of precise nanostructures, morphology, crystallography, chemical hybridizations and chemical composition for controlled bioresorption and/or increased biocompatibility, for example, osseointegration, hydroxyapatite formation, osseoconduction, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, enhanced local mechanical properties (elasticity, modulus, surface texture, porosity), hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, steric hindrance, modulating-immuno response, anti-inflammatory properties and/or anti-bacterial properties.

Provided herein are systems and methods for the controlled surface modification of a material substrate, including, for example, generation of nanostructures, crystallographic or morphologic alterations and the removal of defects, changes in chemical composition and bond structure and the creation of thermodynamic metastable states. The provided systems and methods utilize one or more directed energetic particle beams with independently controlled parameters (e.g. incident angle, fluence, flux, energy, species, etc.) to precisely and efficiently generate enhanced surface properties beyond those of conventional plasma kinetic roughening.

Implants for vertebral body or functional spinal unit replacement comprise a bioactive surface roughening on one or more of the anterior, posterior, and lateral surfaces of the implant. The bioactive surface includes macro-, micro-, and nano-scale structural features that contact vertebral bone that lines a specialized channel in a vertebrae, and thereby facilitate bone growth and osteointegration of the implant with the vertebral bone.

A biocompatible polymer hybrid nanocomposite coating on a surface of a substrate, such as titanium and its alloys. The coating can be achieved by an electrostatic spray coating, preferably using ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as a matrix for the coating. For example, up to 2.95 wt. % carbon nanotubes can be used as reinforcement, as can up to 4.95 wt. % hydroxyapatite. A dispersion of CNTs and HA in the coating is substantially uniform. The tribological performance of such coatings include high hardness, improved scratch resistance, excellent wear resistance, and corrosion resistance compared to pure UHMWPE coatings.

Provided herein are methods for the controlled, independent modification of the surface of titanium-based materials and compositions generated thereby. The methods allow for the alteration of multiple surface characteristics including generation of precise nanostructures, morphology, crystallography and chemical composition for increased biocompatibility, for example, osseointegration, osseoconduction, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, mechanical properties (e.g. elasticity, modulus, surface texture, porosity), hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, steric hindrance, anti-inflammatory properties and/or anti-bacterial properties.

Disclosed is a medical device having a first implant portion having a proximal end, a second implant portion connected to the first implant portion, the second implant portion having a distal end, and a driver assembly removably connected to the distal end, the driver assembly comprising a drill connected to the distal end at a connection.