An implantable medical lead for sacral modulation therapy is disclosed. The implantable medical lead includes a lead body having a distal portion. An electrode is electrically coupled to the lead body and configured to generate a stimulation field or to sense electrical fields. A fixation mechanism is coupled to the distal portion. The fixation mechanism is configured to anchor the implantable medical lead against an interior wall of a blood vessel. The electrode can effect the stimulation field from within the vessel to stimulate a selected sacral nerve or sense electrical signals such as muscle or nerve responses. Guided implantation of the medical lead or other medical leads through the body to a nerve of interest for neurostimulation via remote sensor is also disclosed.

Apparatus is provided for treating an intervertebral disc of a subject, the apparatus including: at least one intra-pulposus exposed electrode surface, which is configured to be implanted in a nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc; and one or more extra-pulposus exposed electrode surfaces, which are configured to be implanted outside the nucleus pulposus, in electrical communication with the intervertebral disc. Control circuitry is electrically coupled to the at least one intra-pulposus exposed electrode surface and one or more extra-pulposus exposed electrode surfaces. The control circuitry is configured to drive fluid and introduce nutritional substances into the intervertebral disc, by applying a voltage between the at least one intra-pulposus exposed electrode surface and the one or more extra-pulposus exposed electrode surfaces. Other embodiments are also described.

An electrical stimulation system includes a stimulator having at least one electrode and a power supply. The electrode is connectable to the power supply, and the power supply delivers electrical stimulation energy in the form of a capacitive discharge voltage through the stimulator and electrode to tissue proximate a target anatomy to induce an observable response in the target anatomy during a medical procedure.

When generating a stimulation signal comprising stimulation pulses delivered to a target area of a human or animal body, an electrophysiological signal measured from the body for closed-loop control of the stimulation signal, is sampled, at a sampling frequency in an analogue-to-digital converter for deriving a feedback signal for closed-loop control of the stimulation signal. The generation of the stimulation signal and the sampling of the electrophysiological signal are synchronised and have a relative phase selected to cause the sampling to occur outside the stimulation pulses, which prevents the effect of the stimulation pulses from interfering with the digital electrophysiological signal, whiles allowing maintenance of Nyquist-Shannon rules and the integrity of the discrete Laplace transform (z-transform) required in discrete control theory.

A computer-implemented neuro-chemical and neuro-circuitry conditioning training method that employs specially programmed computing devices and systems that guides a user through a process to discover, extract, describe, and synthesize their inner dream (or dreams) and interacts with a user in order to design their dream as they have imagined it. Through the assets, environment, and other such deliverables generated from the various method modules along with specially programed computing devices, the user is enabled to interact with the assets and the generated environment and replay those interactions on-demand thereby effecting neuro-chemical and neuro-circuitry training.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods relating to neuromodulation. In particular, the present disclosure provides systems and methods for identifying optimized waveforms for blocking neural conduction. The systems and methods of neuromodulation disclosed herein facilitate the treatment of various diseases associated with pathological neural activity. The optimized waveforms for blocking neural conduction are identified through use of a global optimization algorithm based on predetermined performance criteria. A plurality of waveforms are generated and evaluated for neuronal conduction block using a computational model of extracellular neuronal stimulation, and at least on candidate waveform having an optimized shape capable of blocking neural conduction is identified.

Systems, devices, and methods for using vagus nerve stimulation to treat demyelination disorders and/or disorder of the blood brain barrier are described. The vagus nerve stimulation therapy described herein is configured to reduce or prevent demyelination and/or promote remyelination to treat various disorders related to demyelination, such as multiple sclerosis. A low duty cycle stimulation protocol with a relatively short on-time and a relatively long off-time can be used.

Methods and systems for regulating nerve activity and/or treating conditions associated with disorder of blood glucose are disclosed. A method of downregulating activity by applying a high frequency alternating current electrical signal to a nerve in a subject is disclosed. A method of upregulating activity by applying a low frequency stimulation signal to a nerve in a subject is disclosed. A method of regulating nerve activity by applying a high frequency signal to a first nerve/organ and applying a low frequency stimulation signal to a second nerve/organ is disclosed. The application of the high frequency signal and the low frequency stimulation signal to separate nerves or nerve branches/fibers can be independent, simultaneous, concurrent, or in a coordinated fashion in therapy programs. Various signal parameters including the waveform, frequency, amplitude, active/inactive phases are described.

The present disclosure provides a stimulation lead for providing stimulation signals to nerve tissue and improved methods for constructing and manufacturing such a stimulation lead. The stimulation lead and/or methods includes a lead with a cable disposed within. At each end of the lead body a portion of the cable is exposed, and a metal ferrule is securely attached to the exposed cable portion. An electrode/contact is then securely attached to the metal ferrule such that the electrode covers the metal ferrule, a portion of the lead body, and a transition point where the exposed cable exits the lead body. A tine component may be swaged around a portion of the term end, configured to provide a retaining force against an force acting upon the stimulation lead, while allowing insertion of the stim end of the stimulation lead during implantation, and extraction of the stim end during explantation.

An extravascular neural interface is disclosed including a device containing electrodes for neurostimulation of a vessel. The devices are housed in flexible substrates forming two flaps, an inner flap having a spinal portion for routing leads/conductors into the device for connection to the electrodes and an outer flap that overlaps the inner flap. The inner flap supports and positions the electrodes to be inward facing, i.e., extravascular designs. The electrodes may be circular or elliptical and include a plurality of wings for securing the electrodes within a flap.