Embodiments of the invention provide apparatus and methods for stimulating L cells in the intestinal tract to produce incretins for the treatment of conditions including diabetes and obesity. Many embodiments provide a method and apparatus for the treatment of diabetes by electrically stimulating L-cells to secrete incretins to stimulate or otherwise modulate the production of insulin. Particular embodiments provide a swallowable capsule for stimulating L-cells in the intestinal tract as the capsule moves through the tract. The capsule can include two or more electrodes for providing electrical stimulation to L-cells, a power source for powering one or more components of the capsule, a sensor for sensing the location of the capsule in the intestinal tract: a controller and a waveform generator for generating the electrical signals emitted by the electrodes to stimulate the L-cells to secrete incretins such as GLP-1 to stimulate insulin production for glucose regulation of diabetic conditions.

Devices, systems and methods are disclosed that allow a patient to self-treat a medical condition, such as migraine headache, by electrical non-invasive stimulation of a nerve, such as the trigeminal nerve. A nerve stimulator is configured for coupling to a mobile device configured to receive a wireless signal, such as a mobile phone. The stimulator is further configured to generate an electrical impulse and to transmit the electrical impulse through one or more electrodes and the outer skin surface of the forehead of the patient to modulate the nerve within the patient.

Apparatus for identifying a patient, said apparatus comprising: a medical device for implantation into the patient; an optical identifier affixed to the device; wherein at least a portion of the optical identifier is radiopaque, whereby to generate a scannable X-ray image of the optical identifier when the medical device is imaged using X-ray.

Devices, systems and methods are disclosed that allow a patient to self-treat a medical condition, such as migraine headache, by electrical non-invasive stimulation of a nerve, such as the trigeminal nerve. A nerve stimulator is configured for coupling to a mobile device configured to receive a wireless signal, such as a mobile phone. The stimulator is further configured to generate an electrical impulse and to transmit the electrical impulse through one or more electrodes and the outer skin surface of the forehead of the patient to modulate the nerve within the patient.

A programmer is configured to effect communication with, and programming of, an implantable medical device configured to deliver neurostimulation therapy. The programmer comprises a display, such as touch screen display, and a processor comprising memory and coupled to the display. An interface is coupled to the processor and configured to receive therapy settings data indicative of current therapy settings operative in the implantable medical device and any modifications made to the therapy settings by a patient. The processor is configured to determine if one or more therapy settings have been modified since the last interaction with the patient, and coordinate displaying of the current therapy settings, the one or more therapy settings modified by the patient, and a previous state of the one or more therapy settings modified by the patient on the display.

An insulated electrode system for delivering a plurality of tumor treating electromagnetic fields including an array of electrode elements for proximate location on a body of a patient. Each electrode element of the array having an insulation layer. Each electrode element being independently electrically accessible and configured to be dynamically assigned to emanate an electromagnetic field relative to at least one other of said electrode elements.

Electrical stimulation systems and methods for operation of the electrical stimulation system are described. The method includes directing electrical stimulation through the electrodes of the lead and monitoring movements of a hand positioned over an implantation site of an implantable control module of the electrical stimulation system using an accelerometer coupled to a processor of the implantable control module. Another method includes detecting, by a sensor, a plurality of taps of a body region of a patient over an implantation site of the implantable control module, identifying, by the processor of the implantable control module, an indicator, trigger, or marker based on the detected tapping, and performing an activity corresponding to the identified indicator, trigger, or marker.

Implantable medical devices include a first sensor for detecting a magnetic field that indicates an exposure mode of operation is appropriate. The implantable medical devices include a second sensor for detecting whether an MRI characteristic is present that indicates whether MRI or non-MRI post exposure diagnostics and other actions should be implemented and may also indicate whether the exposure mode should be MRI or non-MRI specific. An MRI post exposure diagnostic may perform pacing capture threshold tests and the post exposure pacing amplitude output may be kept at a higher than normal level. The second sensor may be an overvoltage clamp circuit of a telemetry coil that indicates whether an overvoltage condition on the telemetry coil is occurring to indicate whether an MRI characteristic is present. The second sensor may be a second threshold magnetic sensor, an accelerometer, or a microphone to indicate whether an MRI characteristic is present.

In some examples, controlling delivery of CRT includes delivering ventricular pacing according to a sequence of different values of at least one of A-V delay or V-V delay, and acquiring one or more electrograms from respective vectors. For each of the different values of the at least one of A-V delay or V-V delay, at least one of a QRS amplitude or a QRS area may be determined based on the one or more electrograms, and a target change in QRS amplitude or QRS area between adjacent ones of the values of the at least one of A-V delay or V-V delay of the sequence may be identified. In response to the identification of the target change, the implantable medical device may deliver the ventricular pacing at a value of the at least one of A-V delay or V-V delay determined based on the identification to provide CRT.

A wirelessly powered implantable stimulator device includes one or more antenna configured to receive an input signal non-inductively from an external antenna, the input signal containing (i) electrical energy to operate the implantable stimulator device and (ii) configuration data according to which a pulse-density modulation (PDM) encoded stimulus waveform signal is retrieved to synthesize a desired stimulation waveform; a circuit coupled to the one or more antenna; and one or more electrodes coupled to the circuit and configured to apply the desired stimulation waveform to neural tissue, wherein the circuit is configured to: rectify the input signal received at the one or more antennas non-inductively; extract the electrical energy and the configuration data from the input signal; and in accordance with the extracted configuration data, retrieve the pulse-density modulation (PDM) signal to synthesize the desired stimulation waveform therefrom.