Devices, methods and systems for transmitting signals through a device located in a blood vessel of an animal for stimulating and/or sensing activity of media proximal to the devices. The media can include tissue and/or fluid. A method of controlling an apparatus in communication with a brain machine interface. The method can include measuring a first neural activity in a first neural area and measuring a second neural activity in a second neural area. The first neural activity can be associated with a first intent. The method can include creating and delivering, via the processor, one or more first control signals to the apparatus upon comparing the second neural activity with the first neural activity, and confirming, based on this comparison, that the second neural activity is associated with the first intent.

The present disclosure relates to stimulation systems, comprising, e.g., an implantable pulse generator or pump, biometric sensors incorporated therein, and one or more external sensors which may optionally be incorporated into one or more electronic devices (e.g., a wearable, portable, or stationary device). In some aspects, the one or more electronic devices may be configured to control one or more parameters of the stimulation systems.

Methods of improving addiction in a patient in need thereof are provided. Methods include using focused ultrasound, deep brain stimulation and/or transcranial magnetic stimulation and multi-dimensional monitoring of the patient to determine whether the focused ultrasound, deep brain stimulation, and/or transcranial magnetic stimulation improves the patient's addiction. Based on this determination, the focused ultrasound, deep brain stimulation, and/or transcranial magnetic stimulation can be adjusted to improve the patient's addiction.

Systems including intra-calvarial implants and/or subdermal implants are capable of stimulating cortical regions and sensing and electrical signals is implanted within or on a calvarial bone of a skull. The implants have current steering capability to change the current density profiles applied to selected cortical regions underlying the implant. The systems may track changes in the position and/or spatial parameters of a neural network by recording cortical electrical signals and processing them to compute the values of one or more network activity biomarkers. The systems may spatially track changes detected in network anatomical position and deliver the stimulation of the cortex to the network detected position by using current steering methods.

The present invention provides, inter alia, methods, apparatus, and systems useful for ameliorating impulse control disorders known to be extremely disabling and common to many neurological and psychiatric conditions using closed-loop (responsive) neuro stimulation.