Provided herein are, inter alia, methods for detecting the anatomic structure of a nucleus accumbens in the brain of a subject. The method includes inserting an electrode into the ventral striatum of a subject; and detecting an oscillatory frequency of 30-40 Hz, thereby identifying the anatomic structure of a nucleus accumbens in the subject. The methods provided herein may include a step of delivering an electrical stimulation to ameliorate or prevent an OCD symptom from occurring.

A method for treating neural disorders is provided, The method includes the following operation. A stimulation is delivered to a layer of a cortex of a patient with a neural disorder, wherein the stimulation is delivered to less than all layers of the cortex of the patient. In another method for treating neural disorders, a stimulation is delivered to a cortex of a patient with a neural disorder, wherein the stimulation delivered to one of a plurality of layers of the cortex is stronger than to other layers of the cortex. The system for treating neural disorder is also provided. The system includes a stimulation signal generator and a layer-specific stimulation means. The layer-specific stimulation means is coupled to the stimulation signal generator, configured to deliver a stimulation to a specific layer of a cortex of a patient with a neural disorder.

Techniques for providing therapy to a patient via electrical stimulation are described. The techniques include, for example, determining, relative to a start time of providing the electrical stimulation, one or more efficacy times that correspond to an efficacy indicator, determining, according to the efficacy times, efficacy data items for the patient, comparing the efficacy data items with the efficacy indicator, and generating, based on the comparison, a prediction of an expected response to the therapy manifesting in the patient at a prospective time.

The present disclosure provides a method of preventing or treating depression in a subject in need thereof, including administering to the subject an effective amount of benzoic acid or a salt and derivative thereof. Also provided is a composition for use in preventing or treating depression in a subject in need thereof.

A neuromodulation system for treatment of physiological disorders. The system includes one or more stimulators for stimulating one or more cranial nerves; one or more detectors configured for detecting a predetermined physiological state; and a control unit that controls nerve stimulation by the one or more stimulators so that it is synchronized with the at least one predetermined physiological state detected by the one or more detectors. A method of neuromodulating a patient for treatment of physiological disorder. The method includes the steps of detecting a predetermined physiological state and applying stimulation to one of the cranial nerves during the predetermined physiological state by one or more stimulators of a neuromodulation system.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) electrodes are positioned within (or adjacent to) white matter fiber tracts in a brain of patient. The DBS electrodes may be positioned near one or more stimulation sites within the white matter fiber tracts. The stimulation sites may be selected based on the disorder of the patient. In some examples, the stimulation sites may be selected based on one or more symptoms of the patient. In some examples, additional electrodes may be positioned in another area to collect bioelectrical brain signals. The area in which the additional electrodes are placed is an area that is different from the stimulation site but is targeted by stimulation therapy provided at the stimulation site.

Methods for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or for reducing a risk associated with developing PTSD in patients via therapeutic renal neuromodulation and associated systems are disclosed herein. Sympathetic nerve activity can contribute to several cellular and physiological conditions associated with PTSD as well as an increased risk of developing PTSD following a traumatic event. One aspect of the present technology is directed to methods for improving a patient's calculated risk score corresponding to a PTSD status in the patient. Other aspects are directed to reducing a likelihood of developing PTSD in patients presenting one or more PTSD risk factors. Renal sympathetic nerve activity can be attenuated to improve a patient's PTSD status or risk of developing PTSD. The attenuation can be achieved, for example, using an intravascularly positioned catheter carrying a therapeutic assembly configured to use, e.g., electrically-induced, thermally-induced, and/or chemically-induced approaches to modulate the renal sympathetic nerve.

An intra-calvarial implant (ICI) includes one or more electrodes for sensing electrical signals from a brain of a mammal and for electrically stimulating one or more regions of the brain. The electrode(s) are implanted between an outer table and an inner table of the calvarial bone without fully penetrating the inner table, at least one reference electrode, an electronic circuitry module operatively connected to the one or more electrode(s) and to the reference electrode and for controlling the sensing and the stimulating, for at least partially processing the sensed electrical signals to obtain data for storing the data and for wirelessly transmitting the data to an external receiver. The ICI also includes a power harvesting device suitably electrically connected to one or more components of the electronic circuitry module of the ICI for energizing one or more components of the ICI. An ICI system includes ICI(s) and an external controller.

Systems and methods for deploying a paddle neurostimulation lead within a patient. A delivery tool includes a delivery tube including a first linear segment, a second linear segment, and an arcuate segment coupled between the first and second linear segments, the second linear segment defining an elongated opening. The delivery tool further includes a stylet positioned within an interior of the delivery tube, and a handle coupled to the delivery tube and including a stylet actuation mechanism, the stylet actuation mechanism configured to selectively advance and retract the stylet between a deployed position and a retracted position, wherein the stylet extends across the elongated opening in the deployed position to engage an engagement member of the paddle neurostimulation lead.

Methods and systems for optimizing invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation are described herein. In a particular embodiment, methods and systems for a combinatorial, iterative approach to modify behavior are presented wherein deep brain stimulation (DBS) and other brain stimulation therapies are implemented in combination with monitoring the brain activity of an individual to optimize the effectiveness of the combinatorial approach to modify behavior. Methods described herein are iterative and systems described herein are utilized in iterative fashion. In a particular embodiment, modifying behavior provides a therapy for an individual in need thereof.