The present disclosure relates to neuromodulation electrodes, and in particular, to neuromodulation electrodes having a platinum/iridium surface etched with a pattern and methods of laser etching the pattern into the platinum/iridium surface of the neuromodulation electrodes to improve performance of the neuromodulation electrodes. Particularly, aspects are directed to an electrode including a base body having: (i) an interface surface that has an area of less than 50 mm.sup.2, and (ii) an alloy including platinum and iridium. The interface surface has a surface topography including: (i) an artificial pattern, and (ii) a surface roughness having an arithmetical mean height (R.sub.a) of greater than 0.8 m.

Electrical stimulation of neural activity in the neural innervation of the spleen that is associated with neurovascular bundles provides a useful way to treat acute medical conditions, such as trauma, hemorrhaging and shock.

A neuromodulation system and method with feedback optimized electrical field generation for stimulating target tissue of a patient to treat neurological and non-neurological conditions. The system generally includes implantable electrodes, implantable sensors, an implantable or external electrical signal generator, and an implantable or external controller. The controller controls the electrical signal generator to generate electrical noise stimulation signals that are delivered to the target tissue via the electrodes and that produce an optimized electric field having maximized voltage with low current density. The sensors produce temperature and impedance data for the target tissue and the controller automatically responds to values of the sensor data that indicate potential damage to the target tissue to reduce the strength of the electric field.

A neuromodulation system, device, and method are disclosed. In an embodiment, a neuromodulation system includes a processor, a signal generator, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The processor in cooperation with the signal generator, the first electrode, and the second electrode are configured to deliver a transcutaneous stimulation to a mammal. The transcutaneous stimulation is configured by the processor for inducing voluntary movement in the mammal. The first electrode is positioned transcutaneously on a spinal cord and/or spinal cord dorsal roots of the mammal. Additionally, the second electrode is placed transcutaneously on or over at least one of the spinal cord and/or the spinal cord dorsal roots, a muscle, a nerve, or on or near a target end organ or bodily structure of the mammal. The second electrode is in communication with the first electrode through a hardwire or wireless connection.

A durable nerve cuff electrode for achieving block of an action potential in a large diameter nerve.

A neuromodulation system and method with feedback optimized electrical field generation for stimulating target tissue of a patient to treat neurological and non-neurological conditions. The system generally includes implantable electrodes, implantable sensors, an implantable or external electrical signal generator, and an implantable or external controller. The controller controls the electrical signal generator to generate electrical noise stimulation signals that are delivered to the target tissue via the electrodes and that produce an optimized electric field having maximized voltage with low current density. The sensors produce temperature and impedance data for the target tissue and the controller automatically responds to values of the sensor data that indicate potential damage to the target tissue to reduce the strength of the electric field.

A system and method for performing deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy are provided. The method and system include pre-operatively acquiring at least one pre-operative image of the brain with at least one imaging sub-system and determining a location of a Nucleus Basalls of Meynert (NBM) for therapy in the at least one pre-operative image, and intra-operatively acquiring at least one intra-operative image of the brain after obtaining an access opening through the skull. The method and system further provide performing surgical planning based on the pre-operative image in the intra-operative image, advancing a lead having DBS electrodes on the lead to a target position proximate to or within the NBM area, and coupling the lead to an implantable pulse generator (IPG) configured to deliver DBS pulses through the DBS electrodes to the NBM. Further, the IPG is configured to deliver DBS pulses for treating symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease.

Described is a low voltage, pulsed electrical stimulation device for controlling expression of klotho, a useful protein, by tissues. Also described are methods of enhancing expression of klotho in cells.

An example method for controlling delivery of electrical stimulation therapy includes maintaining, by one or more processors of a medical device configured to deliver electrical stimulation to a patient, a counter tied to a clock used by the medical device to deliver the electrical stimulation to the patient; and obtaining, by the one or more processors, one or more representations of sensed electrical signals for the patient that are referenced to counts of the counter. In this example, the method also includes identifying, based on the one or more representations of the sensed electrical signals for the patient, a count of the counter at which stimulation is to be delivered to the patient; and delivering, by the medical device and to the patient, electrical stimulation based on the identified count of the counter.

Selective high-frequency spinal cord modulation for inhibiting pain with reduced side effects and associated systems and methods are disclosed. In particular embodiments, high-frequency modulation in the range of from about 1.5 KHz to about 50 KHz may be applied to the patient's spinal cord region from an epidural, cervical location to address at least one of high back pain, mid-back pain, low back pain, and leg pain without creating paresthesia in the patient.