The invention relates to a process for obtaining 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone from an organic mixture comprising 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone and a linear C.sub.6 to C.sub.10 carboxylic acid as organic solvent, comprising: (a) cooling the organic mixture by (a1a) mixing the organic mixture with water in a crystallization vessel to obtain a liquid mixture; (a1b) cooling the liquid mixture obtained in (a1a) to a temperature below the saturation point of 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone by (i) reducing the pressure in the crystallization vessel to a pressure at which the water starts to evaporate, (ii) condensing the evaporated water by cooling, (iii) mixing the condensed water into the liquid mixture in the crystallization vessel, to obtain a suspension comprising crystallized 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone; or by (a2) bringing the organic mixture into contact with at least one coolable surface and thereby reducing the temperature in the organic mixture with a cooling rate in the range from 5 to 50 K/h until a temperature in the range from 10 to 30° C. is reached, wherein the organic mixture and the at least one coolable surface have a temperature difference which is kept during the whole cooling process in the range from 1 to 30 K to obtain a suspension comprising crystallized 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. (b) carrying out a solid-liquid-separation of the suspension obtained in (a1b) or in (a2) to obtain a residual moisture containing solid 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone as product and mother liquor comprising the organic solvent and water.

Provided is a degassing apparatus having a fluid flow surface positioned within a tank and configured for decreasing the velocity of the fluid flowing through the tank; a cryogen fluid cooling system including the degassing apparatus positioned in fluid communication with a cryogen injector of the system; and a direct cryogen fluid cooling method including flowing fluid containing cryogen into a degassing apparatus for decreasing a velocity of and for removing cryogen gas from the flowing fluid.

Disclosed herein is a method for producing crystalline cannabinoid particles in continuous mode. The method comprises preparing a cannabinoid-rich solution that comprises a first cannabinoid, and inducing the cannabinoid-rich solution to a supersaturated state in which the first cannabinoid has a supersaturated concentration that is greater than a corresponding saturation concentration of the first cannabinoid. The method further comprises flowing the cannabinoid-rich solution through a tubular reactor in a continuous manner under turbulent flow conditions to form a plurality of crystalline cannabinoid particles and a cannabinoid-depleted solution within the tubular reactor, and separating crystalline cannabinoid particles from the plurality of crystalline cannabinoid particles and the cannabinoid-depleted solution. The turbulent flow conditions are defined by a Reynold number that is greater than a critical Reynolds number for the cannabinoid-rich solution and the tubular reactor.

Disclosed herein is a method for continuously preparing crystalline cannabinoid particles. The method includes preparing a cannabinoid-rich solution that comprises a first cannabinoid and inducing the cannabinoid-rich solution to a supersaturated state in which the first cannabinoid has a supersaturated concentration that is greater than a corresponding saturation concentration of the first cannabinoid. The method includes flowing the cannabinoid-rich solution into a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) in a continuous manner, mixing the cannabinoid-rich solution under turbulent mixing conditions to form a plurality of crystalline cannabinoid particles and a cannabinoid-depleted solution within the CSTR, and discharging the plurality of crystalline cannabinoid particles and the cannabinoid-depleted solution from the CSTR in a continuous manner to provide a flow rate through the CSTR. The method includes separating crystalline cannabinoid particles from the plurality of crystalline cannabinoid particles and the cannabinoid-depleted solution in a continuous manner.

A method of making CBD concentrate or CBD Isolate comprises (a) milling a raw material; (b) contacting the milled raw material with an extraction solvent and separating a solid waste material to form a filtered extract; (c) concentrating the filtered extract; (d) washing the concentrated extract to form an organic phase and an aqueous phase; (e) separating the aqueous phase from the organic phase to form a washed extract; (f) removing an organic solvent from the washed extract to form a concentrated washed extract; (g) decarboxylating the concentrated washed extract; (h) vacuum distilling the decarboxylated extract to form a distillate; (i) dewaxing the distillate to form a post-dewax filtrate; (j) applying a vacuum to the post-dewax filtrate to form a post-dewax concentrate; (k) degassing the post-dewax concentrate; and (l) vacuum distilling the degassed concentrate to form a CBD concentrate.

A solids removal apparatus for glycol reclamation includes a first tubular, a second tubular, and a strainer. The first tubular includes an open end configured to receive a brine stream including solid material. The second tubular is connected to and protrudes from the first tubular. The second tubular is configured to discharge an outlet stream. The strainer is disposed within the second tubular. The strainer is configured to prevent at least a portion of the solid material from flowing through the strainer, such that the outlet stream discharging from the second tubular has a solids content that is less than a solids content of the brine stream.

A water treatment process (10) includes, in a crystallisation stage (12), passing a saline water feed (16) through an elongate conduit kept in a cold environment at a temperature below the equilibrium freezing temperature of the saline water, forming a slurry of brine and ice crystals inside the conduit, and, in a separation stage (14), separating the ice crystals from a bulk of the brine, producing a brine stream (22) and an ice stream (26). The elongate conduit is of a material, or has an inner material layer in contact with the saline water and with the slurry of brine and ice crystals, with a thermal conductivity of less than 5 W/m.Math.K and has a length configured to ensure formation of the slurry of brine and ice crystals in the conduit at the flow rate of the saline water feed through the elongate conduit.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a method for making cannabidiol. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a composition comprising cannabidiol and one or more GRAS components. The method and composition embodiments described herein address the drawbacks associated with conventional methods for making and/or isolating cannabidiol.

A method of separating material, such as foam, sludge, oil or grease, at a fluid's surface, by applying acoustic pressure shock waves to the material and the fluid's surface such that acoustic pressure shock waves are propagated in liquid medium of the fluid and in gas medium above the fluid surface.

Techniques for growing crystalline calcium carbonate solids such that the crystalline calcium carbonate solids include a volume of 0.0005 mm.sup.3 to 5 mm.sup.3, include a slaker to react quicklime (CaO) and a low carbonate content fluid to yield a slurry of primarily slaked lime (Ca(OH).sub.2); a fluidized-bed reactive crystallizer that encloses a solid bed mass and includes an input for a slurry of primarily slaked lime, an input for an alkaline solution and carbonate, and an output for crystalline calcium carbonate solids that include particles and an alkaline carbonate solution; a dewatering apparatus that includes an input coupled to the crystallizer and an output to discharge a plurality of separate streams that each include a portion of the crystalline calcium carbonate solids and alkaline carbonate solution; and a seed transfer apparatus to deliver seed material into the crystallizer to maintain a consistent mass of seed material.