Disclosed apparatuses, systems, and materials relate to the disassociation of feedstock species (such as those in gaseous form) into constituent components, and may include an energy generator configured to provide a microwave energy. A first chamber defines a first volume and is configured to guide the microwave energy along the first chamber as a sinusoidal wave having an energy maxima at a point along the first chamber. A second chamber contains a plasma plume and is positioned substantially proximal to the first chamber, and is configured to enable propagation of the microwave energy through the first chamber and the second chamber such that the microwave energy demonstrates, at a radial center of the second chamber, a coaxial energy maxima configured to ignite the plasma plume contained in the second chamber. Carbon-containing materials may be formed by controlling flow parameters of the feedstock species into the first or second chamber.

Disclosed apparatuses, systems, and materials relate to the disassociation of feedstock species (such as those in gaseous form) into constituent components, and may include an energy generator configured to provide a microwave energy. A first chamber defines a first volume and is configured to guide the microwave energy along the first chamber as a sinusoidal wave having an energy maxima at a point along the first chamber. A second chamber contains a plasma plume and is positioned substantially proximal to the first chamber, and is configured to enable propagation of the microwave energy through the first chamber and the second chamber such that the microwave energy demonstrates, at a radial center of the second chamber, a coaxial energy maxima configured to ignite the plasma plume contained in the second chamber. Carbon-containing materials may be formed by controlling flow parameters of the feedstock species into the first or second chamber.

An oxygen removal module, a fresh-keeping device and a refrigerator. The oxygen removal module comprises: an electrolyte tank provided with a water inlet; and a water tank provided with a water outlet, the water outlet being connected to the water inlet through a first pipeline, to supplement water to the electrolyte tank by means of the water tank.

A method for electrochemical hydrogen compression. The method includes: providing hydrogen gas having a relative humidity RH of 100%; providing inert gas having a relative humidity RH of 100%; mixing the humidified hydrogen gas and the humidified inert gas; electrochemically oxidizing the hydrogen gas at an anode; transporting the protons obtained as a result of the oxidation and at least a portion of the humidified inert gas through a membrane; and electrochemically reducing the protons at a cathode into hydrogen.

A fuel cell system and method, the system including a hotbox, a fuel cell stack disposed in the hotbox, an anode tail gas oxidizer (ATO) disposed in the hotbox, and a fuel exhaust processor fluidly connected to the hotbox. The fuel exhaust processor includes a first hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from the anode exhaust received from the fuel cell stack and to output the hydrogen to a first hydrogen stream provided to the fuel cell stack, a second hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from anode exhaust output from the first hydrogen pump and to output the hydrogen to the first hydrogen stream, and a third hydrogen pump configured to extract hydrogen from anode exhaust output from the second hydrogen pump and to output the hydrogen to a second hydrogen stream provided to the ATO.

In an aspect, an electrochemical hydrogen isotope recycling apparatus for recycling a feedstream comprising a single isotope of hydrogen, comprising: an electrochemical recycling unit, the unit comprising an anode; a cathode; an isotope-treated, cation exchange membrane operatively disposed between the anode and cathode, the isotope-treated, cation exchange membrane having heavy water containing the isotope of hydrogen therein, the unit configured to receive the feedstream containing the single isotope of hydrogen; wherein the single isotope is deuterium or tritium and when the single isotope is deuterium, the heavy water comprises D.sub.2O and when the single isotope is tritium, the heavy water is T.sub.2O.

An apparatus for inerting a space includes a metal-air battery, a feed channel for the introduction of air from an air source to the metal-air battery, and a discharge channel for the discharge of air from the metal-air battery to a volume of the space. A control unit controls an electrochemical reaction of the metal-air battery as a function of a fire situation within the space. A method for inerting a space, an inerting system, an inerting method and an aircraft or spacecraft are also provided.

A system and method for inerting a protected space is disclosed. Process water is delivered to an anode of an electrochemical cell comprising the anode and a cathode separated by a separator comprising a proton transfer medium. A portion of the process water is electrolyzed at the anode to form protons and oxygen, and the protons are transferred across the separator to the cathode. Process water is directed through a process water fluid flow path including a gas outlet and a gas discharge valve in operative fluid communication with the gas outlet. Air is delivered to the cathode and oxygen is reduced at the cathode to generate oxygen-depleted air, and the oxygen-depleted air is directed from the cathode of the electrochemical cell along an inerting gas flow path to the protected space.

The disclosure provides a method of treating flue gas that has one or more components. The method comprises passing a solution through both a magnetic field and an electric field to form an activated solution. The method also comprises contacting the activated solution with the flue gas so that the one or more components of the flue gas are at least partially absorbed by the activated solution to form a residue solution.

The disclosure provides a method of treating flue gas that has one or more components. The method comprises passing a solution through both a magnetic field and an electric field to form an activated solution. The method also comprises contacting the activated solution with the flue gas so that the one or more components of the flue gas are at least partially absorbed by the activated solution to form a residue solution.