The present invention relates to a formate production method including: a first step of producing a formate by causing a reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen in a solution containing a solvent, a catalyst dissolved in the solvent, and a metal salt or an organic salt; and a second step of separating, by a separation membrane, the catalyst from a reaction solution obtained in the first step, in which the catalyst contains at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of metal elements belonging to Group 8, Group 9, and Group 10 of a periodic table.

A backflow preventer for water filtering equipment, the water filtering equipment has a plurality of filtering units, the filtering units are connected among each other via at a plurality of connectors connected by at least one hose and connected to a water source via the at least one of the connectors, at least one of the connectors has a check valve set, and the check valve set has a check valve and an unidirectional valve. The check valve has an elastic tube with a duckbill valve at one end and is connected to a base at another end, and the base has a socket sleeved onto the elastic tube. The unidirectional valve has a first main portion with a larger diameter and a second main portion with a smaller diameter, the diameter of the second main portion corresponding to an inner diameter of the socket of the check valve.

A composite semipermeable membrane 12 of the present invention includes a porous support membrane 12a and a skin layer 12b supported by the porous support membrane 12a. The membrane surface of the composite semipermeable membrane 12 has an elastic modulus of 250 MPa or more and 500 MPa or less as calculated by force curve measurement using AFM in water. A spiral membrane element 20 of the present invention includes the composite semipermeable membrane 12 of the present invention. A water treatment system 100 of the present invention includes the spiral membrane element 20 of the present invention.

A composite semipermeable membrane 12 of the present invention includes a porous support membrane 12a and a skin layer 12b supported by the porous support membrane 12a. The membrane surface of the composite semipermeable membrane 12 has an elastic modulus of 250 MPa or more and 500 MPa or less as calculated by force curve measurement using AFM in water. A spiral membrane element 20 of the present invention includes the composite semipermeable membrane 12 of the present invention. A water treatment system 100 of the present invention includes the spiral membrane element 20 of the present invention.

Disclosed is a method for the manufacture of a spray-dried powder consisting essentially of LNT and/or LNnT, the spray-dried powder, its use for the manufacture of nutritional compositions, and nutritional compositions containing the spray-dried powder.

A reverse osmosis (RO) system is described that is connectable to a dialysis machine and is capable of using heated purified water to clean and disinfect an external connection section or portion disposed between the RO system and the dialysis unit (or any other external heat tolerant device) without forming a closed loop system between both systems before and during a heat forward process. This can be accomplished without the need for direct/indirect or wired/wireless communication with the dialysis unit or the need to introduce a chemical cleaner or process that would require further rinsing after chemical disinfection.

A reverse osmosis apparatus for a seawater desalination system is provided. The reverse osmosis apparatus includes a barrel in which a plurality of vessels receiving reverse osmosis membrane units are arranged, a feed tank provided in an intermediate portion of the barrel and connected to a seawater inlet, a first water tank provided inside a first end portion of the barrel and connected to a plurality of first vessels connected to a first side of the feed tank, and a second water tank provided inside a second end portion of the barrel and connected to a plurality of second vessels connected to a second side of the feed tank.

Provided is a nanofiltration composite membrane, comprising: a supporting layer comprising a polyethylene terephthalate, a polymeric porous layer formed on the supporting layer, the polymeric porous layer comprising a polysulfone and an amphiphilic polymer represented by the formula below: ##STR00001##
and an interfacial polymerization layer formed on the polymeric porous layer and the interfacial polymerization layer comprising polyamide which is synthesized by polymerizing piperazine with 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride; wherein, n1, n2, n3, x, and y are integers greater than 0, the molecular weight of the amphiphilic polymer ranges from 90,000 to 200,000, and a weight ratio of the polysulfone to the amphiphilic polymer ranges from 2 to 20. The nanofiltration composite membrane can increase the removal rate of divalent ions and separate substances of specific molecular weights in solutions.

A wastewater treatment equipment and a treatment method of a wastewater are provided. The wastewater treatment equipment includes: a microfiltration unit, configured to receive and filter a wastewater to obtain a solution; a membrane salt separation unit, configured to receive the solution and separate monovalent ions and multivalent ions from the solution to obtain a first solution including the monovalent ions and a second solution including the multivalent ions; a first evaporative crystallization unit, configured to crystallize the first solution to form a monovalent salt; and a second evaporative crystallization unit, configured to crystallize the second solution to form a mixed salt; the microfiltration unit is connected to the membrane salt separation unit, and the first evaporative crystallization unit and the second evaporative crystallization unit are both directly connected to the membrane salt separation unit, the wastewater treatment equipment can achieve the standard discharge of wastewater.

The present disclosure is directed to filtering technologies that combine elements of continuous and batch NF/RO based on the constraints of the end-user facility to achieve a target balance between, for instance, recovery and power consumption, and to reduce long term operating cost of a plant. A method for extending batch operation into a second induction period with antiscalant injection is also disclosed herein, with the second induction period allowing for yet higher water recovery.